scholarly journals Amplified concern for social risk in adolescence: Development and validation of a new measure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L Andrews ◽  
Lucy Foulkes ◽  
Jessica Bone ◽  
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Loss Of Face ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Of Decline

In adolescence, there is a heightened propensity to take health risks such as smoking, drinking or driving too fast. Another facet of risk-taking, social risk, has largely been neglected. A social risk can be defined as any decision or action that could lead to an individual being excluded by their peers, leading to a reduction in one’s social hierarchy or loss of face; such as appearing different to one’s friends or standing up for an unpopular peer. In the current study, we developed and validated a measure of concern for health and social risk for use in individuals of 11 years and over (N=1399). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis we show that concerns for health and social risks are distinct categories. Concerns for both health and social risk declined with age, challenging the commonly held stereotype that adolescents are less worried about engaging in risk behaviours, compared with adults. The rate of decline was steeper for social versus health risk behaviours, suggesting that adolescence is a period of heightened concern for social risk. We validated our measure against measures of rejection sensitivity, depression and risk-taking behaviour. Greater concern for social risk was associated with increased sensitivity to rejection and greater depressed mood, and this association was stronger for adolescents compared with adults. We conclude that social risks should be incorporated into future models of risk-taking behaviour, especially when they are pitted against health risks.

scholarly journals Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L. Andrews ◽  
Lucy E. Foulkes ◽  
Jessica K. Bone ◽  
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Rejection Sensitivity ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviours ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Health Risk Behaviours ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Development And Validation

In adolescence, there is a heightened propensity to take health risks such as smoking, drinking or driving too fast. Another facet of risk taking, social risk, has largely been neglected. A social risk can be defined as any decision or action that could lead to an individual being excluded by their peers, such as appearing different to one’s friends. In the current study, we developed and validated a measure of concern for health and social risk for use in individuals of 11 years and over (N = 1399). Concerns for both health and social risk declined with age, challenging the commonly held stereotype that adolescents are less worried about engaging in risk behaviours, compared with adults. The rate of decline was steeper for social versus health risk behaviours, suggesting that adolescence is a period of heightened concern for social risk. We validated our measure against measures of rejection sensitivity, depression and risk-taking behaviour. Greater concern for social risk was associated with increased sensitivity to rejection and greater depressed mood, and this association was stronger for adolescents compared with adults. We conclude that social risks should be incorporated into future models of risk-taking behaviour, especially when they are pitted against health risks.

scholarly journals Does Prosociality Boost the Uptake of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps? Survey Evidence of Generational Differences in Japan (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Shoji ◽  
Asei Ito ◽  
Susumu Cato ◽  
Takashi Iida ◽  
Kenji Ishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
National Government ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
Two Factors

BACKGROUND To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to trace and contain infection chains, and therefore, policymakers have endorsed the usage of contact tracing apps. To date, over 50 countries have released such apps officially or semi-officially, but those which rely on citizens’ voluntary uptake decisions suffer from low adoption rates, aggravating the effectiveness of the apps. Earlier studies suggest that the low uptake is driven by citizens’ concerns about security and privacy, low perceived infection risk, and low perceived benefit from the usage. However, the association between individuals’ prosociality and uptake decision is largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study is to examine the role of prosociality in encouraging the usage of contact tracing apps and its generational differences in Japan. METHODS An online survey was conducted in Japan six months after the release of a government-sponsored contact tracing app. Participants were recruited from those aged between 20 and 69. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to measure prosociality, risk perception, and trust in government. A logistic regression was conducted to examine the association between these factors and uptake. RESULTS A total of 7,084 respondents participated in the survey, and 5,402 observations were used for analysis, of which 791 (14.6%) had ever used the app. Two factors of prosociality were retained: agreeableness and attachment to the community. In the full sample analysis, the uptake was determined by agreeableness, attachment to the community, concern about health risks, concern about social risks, and trust in the national government. However, generational differences existed. The uptake decision of those aged between 20 and 39 was attributed to their attachment to the community (OR 1.28, CI 1.11 – 1.48). Agreeable personality (OR 1.18, CI 1.02 – 1.35), concern about social risk (OR 1.17, CI 1.02 – 1.35), and trust in national government (OR 1.16, CI 1.05 – 1.28) were key determinants for those aged between 40 and 59. For those aged over 60, concerns about health risks determined the uptake decision (OR 1.49, CI 1.24 – 1.80). CONCLUSIONS Policymakers should implement different interventions for each generation to increase the adoption rate of the apps. For seniors, it may be effective to inform them about the health benefits from the apps. For the middle-aged, it is important to mitigate their concerns about security and privacy issues. For younger generations, it is necessary to boost their attachment to their community, which is challenging given the requirement of social-distancing during the pandemic. CLINICALTRIAL Not applicable.

scholarly journals Social Perception of Risk-Taking Willingness as a Function of Expressions of Emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlomo Hareli ◽  
Shimon Elkabetz ◽  
Yaniv Hanoch ◽  
Ursula Hess
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risky Behavior ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Financial Health ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Social Emotion ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Anger Expressions

Two studies showed that emotion expressions serve as cues to the expresser’s willingness to take risks in general, as well as in five risk domains (ethical, financial, health and safety, recreational, and social). Emotion expressions did not have a uniform effect on risk estimates across risk domains. Rather, these effects fit behavioral intentions associated with each emotion. Thus, anger expressions were related to ethical and social risks. Sadness reduced perceived willingness to take financial (Study 1 only), recreational, and social risks. Happiness reduced perceived willingness to take ethical and health/safety risks relative to neutrality. Disgust expressions increased the perceived likelihood of taking a social risk. Finally, neutrality increased the perceived willingness to engage in risky behavior in general. Overall, these results suggest that observers use their naïve understanding of the meaning of emotions to infer how likely an expresser is to engage in risky behavior.

The importance of belonging and the avoidance of social risk taking in adolescence

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 100981
Author(s):  
Livia Tomova ◽  
Jack L. Andrews ◽  
Sarah-Jayne Blakemore
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Social Risk

scholarly journals The Treatment of Informal Care-Related Risks as Social Risks: An Analysis of the English Care Policy System

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
FIONA MORGAN
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Informal Care ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Care Policy ◽  
Policy System ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Statutory Protection ◽  
Care Relationships ◽  
Post War

AbstractThe social risk literature examines the extent to which states have provided social protection against the ‘old’ social risks of the post-war era and the ‘new’ social risks affecting post-industrial capitalist states. In this paper the contingency of the provision of informal care to people aged 65 and over is discussed. The paper deconstructs the concept of social risk to determine the characteristics and processes which contribute to states recognising specific contingencies as social risks which require social protection. This conceptualisation is applied to make the case that care-related risks associated with the informal care of older people should be recognised and treated as social risks by states. Data from a qualitative study of the English care policy system provide empirical evidence that informal care-related risks are recognised, but not treated, as social risks in England. The findings reveal informal carers, and the older people they care for, receive inadequate and inconsistent statutory protection against the poverty and welfare risks they face. Furthermore the design and operationalisation of the English care policy system generates risks for care relationships.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE SOCIAL FUNCTION OF THE STATE: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (04(01)) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Iryna Kolosovska Iryna Kolosovska ◽  
Radosław Zagórski Radosław Zagórski
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Social Function ◽  
The State ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social

This article conceptualizes modern approaches to the transformation of the social function of the state in the context of the influence of globalization processes, the ambiguity of the formation of the socio-cultural context, the actualization of the latest risks and threats associated with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We accentuate the inconsistencies and contradictions between the declared social priorities and the inefficiency of the management mechanisms of their practical implementation. The article substantiates the priority directions of the regulatory role of the state in the context of social risk management, formation of social security, adherence to the principle of social justice, and harmonization of interests of representatives of various social groups. Key words: public administration, state, social functions, governance mechanisms, globalization, social risks, COVID-19 pandemic, social justice.

scholarly journals The Scope of Protection and Financing of Social Risk in Poland on the Example of the Social Security Administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 835-842
Author(s):  
Roman Garbiec
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scope Of Protection

AbstractSocial risks are an unusual type of risks occurring in insurance. Their specific feature is the implementation of risk in the sphere of social life of a person with special regard to the work environment. Social risks are an element of research in economics and law and in social policy. The author of the paper shows that the structure of the Polish social insurance system is not optimal and requires radical reform. This paper contains, among others, characteristics of the scope of protection of social risks identified in Poland by Social Security Administration and the basis for financing benefits from this system. The summary of the paper presents opinions on improving the financial efficiency of this system.

scholarly journals The development of the Welfare State in Portugal: trends in social expenditure between 1938 and 2003

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fernando Carolo ◽  
José António Pereirinha
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Expenditure ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Risk Protection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis paper presents a data series on social expenditure in Portugal for the period 1938-2003. The series was built with the aim of identifying and characterizing the most significant phases in the process leading up to the current welfare state system in this country. The establishment of a social insurance (Previdência) in 1935 was one of the founding pillars of the Estado Novo (New State). Reforms to Social Welfare (Previdência Social) in 1962, while in the full throes of the New State, policy measures taken after the revolution of 1974 and a new orientation for social policy following the accession of Portugal to the European Economic Community (EEC) in the mid-1980s brought about significant transformations in the institutional organizational structure that provided welfare and conferred social rights in Portugal. To understand this process, knowledge is needed of the transformations to the institutional structures governing the organizations that provided welfare, welfare coverage in terms of the type of benefit and the population entitled to social risk protection, the magnitude of spending on benefits associated with these risks, as well as how benefits were allocated between the institutions. We built a data series for the period 1938-1980, which can then be matched to data already published in the OECD Social Expenditure Database from 1980 onwards. As a result, a consistent series for social expenditure from 1938 to 2003 was obtained. The methodology used to create the series enabled us to measure the impact of the variation in population coverage for social risks and the average generosity of benefits on the relative share of social expenditure in GDP. We present an interpretive reading for the full period, covering the New State and the Democracy from 1974, of the process of building the welfare state in Portugal.

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