scholarly journals Effects of familiarity with musical style on music-evoked emotions: An EEG study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gladys Jiamin Heng ◽  
Quek Hiok Chai ◽  
SH Annabel Chen
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Behavioral Ratings ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Musical Excerpts

Learning mechanisms have been postulated to be one of the primary reasons why different individuals have similar or different emotional responses to music. While existing studies have largely examined mechanisms related to learning in terms of cultural familiarity or recognition, few studies have conceptualized it in terms of an individual’s level of familiarity with musical style, which could be a better reflection of an individual’s composite musical experiences. Therefore, the current study aimed to bridge this research gap by investigating the electrophysiological correlates of the effects of familiarity with musical style on music-evoked emotions. 49 non-musicians listened to 12 musical excerpts of a familiar musical style (Japanese animation soundtracks) and eight musical excerpts of an unfamiliar musical style (Greek Laïkó music) with their eyes closed as electroencephalography is being recorded. Participants rated their felt emotions after each musical excerpt is played. Behavioral ratings showed that music of the familiar musical style was felt as significantly more pleasant as compared to the unfamiliar musical style while no significant differences in arousal were observed. In terms of brain activity, music of the unfamiliar musical style elicited higher (1) theta power in all brain regions (including frontal midline), (2) alpha power in frontal region, and (3) beta power in fronto-temporo-occipital regions as compared to the familiar musical style. This is interpreted to reflect the need for greater attentional resources when listening to music of an unfamiliar style, where listeners are less familiar with the syntax and structure of the music as compared to music of a familiar style. In addition, classification analysis showed that unfamiliar and familiar musical styles can be distinguished with 67.86% accuracy, Thus, clinicians should consider the musical profile of the client when choosing an appropriate selection of music in the treatment plan, so as to achieve better efficacy.

Cortical oscillations to measure anti-epileptic drug activity in clinical trials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Biondi ◽  
Lorenzo Rocchi ◽  
Viviana Santoro ◽  
Gregory Beatch ◽  
Pierre Rossini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Brain Oscillations ◽  
Cortical Oscillations ◽  
Anti Epileptic Drug ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Gamma Power

Abstract The frequency analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, either spontaneous or evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS-EEG), is a powerful tool to investigate changes in brain activity and excitability following the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, a systematic evaluation of the effect of AEDs on spontaneous and TMS-induced brain oscillations has not yet been provided. We studied the effects of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and of a novel potassium channel opener (XEN1101) on TMS-induced and spontaneous brain oscillations in a group of healthy volunteers. Levetiracetam suppressed TMS-induced theta, alpha and beta power, whereas lamotrigine increased TMS-induced alpha power. XEN1101 decreased TMS-induced delta, theta and beta power. Resting-state EEG showed a decrease of theta band power after lamotrigine intake. Levetiracetam increased theta, beta and gamma power, while XEN1101 produced an increase of delta, theta, beta and gamma power. Different AEDs induce specific patterns of power changes in spontaneous and TMS-induced brain oscillations. Spontaneous and TMS-induced cortical oscillations represent a powerful tool to characterize the effect of AEDs on in vivo brain activity. Spectral fingerprints of specific AEDs should be further investigated to provide robust and objective biomarkers of biological effect in human clinical trials.

scholarly journals Distinct Montages of Slow Oscillatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (so-tDCS) Constitute Different Mechanisms during Quiet Wakefulness

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Ping Koo-Poeggel ◽  
Verena Böttger ◽  
Lisa Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Electrode Pair ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Applied Current ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Quiet Wakefulness ◽  
Eyes Closed

Slow oscillatory- (so-) tDCS has been applied in many sleep studies aimed to modulate brain rhythms of slow wave sleep and memory consolidation. Yet, so-tDCS may also modify coupled oscillatory networks. Efficacy of weak electric brain stimulation is however variable and dependent upon the brain state at the time of stimulation (subject and/or task-related) as well as on stimulation parameters (e.g., electrode placement and applied current. Anodal so-tDCS was applied during wakefulness with eyes-closed to examine efficacy when deviating from the dominant brain rhythm. Additionally, montages of different electrodes size and applied current strength were used. During a period of quiet wakefulness bilateral frontolateral stimulation (F3, F4; return electrodes at ipsilateral mastoids) was applied to two groups: ‘Group small’ (n = 16, f:8; small electrodes: 0.50 cm2; maximal current per electrode pair: 0.26 mA) and ‘Group Large’ (n = 16, f:8; 35 cm2; 0.35 mA). Anodal so-tDCS (0.75 Hz) was applied in five blocks of 5 min epochs with 1 min stimulation-free epochs between the blocks. A finger sequence tapping task (FSTT) was used to induce comparable cortical activity across sessions and subject groups. So-tDCS resulted in a suppression of alpha power over the parietal cortex. Interestingly, in Group Small alpha suppression occurred over the standard band (8–12 Hz), whereas for Group Large power of individual alpha frequency was suppressed. Group Small also revealed a decrease in FSTT performance at retest after stimulation. It is essential to include concordant measures of behavioral and brain activity to help understand variability and poor reproducibility in oscillatory-tDCS studies.

scholarly journals Between Thought and Expression, a Magnetoencephalography Study of the “Tip-of-the-Tongue” Phenomenon

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2210-2223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karmen Resnik ◽  
David Bradbury ◽  
Gareth R. Barnes ◽  
Alex P. Leff
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Speech Output ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Confrontation Naming ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Oscillatory Brain Activity ◽  
Language Areas ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue

“Tip-of-the-tongue” (TOT) is the phenomenon associated with the inaccessibility of a known word from memory. It is universally experienced, increases in frequency with age, and is most common for proper nouns. It is a good model for the symptom of anomia experienced much more frequently by some aphasic patients following brain injury. Here, we induced the TOT state in older participants while they underwent brain scanning with magnetoencephalography to investigate the changes in oscillatory brain activity associated with failed retrieval of known words. Using confrontation naming of pictures of celebrities, we successfully induced the TOT state in 29% of trials and contrasted it with two other states: “Know” where the participants both correctly recognized the celebrity's face and retrieved their name and “Don't Know” when the participants did not recognize the celebrity. We wished to test Levelt's influential model of speech output by carrying out two analyses, one epoching the data to the point in time when the picture was displayed and the other looking back in time from when the participants first articulated their responses. Our main findings supported the components of Levelt's model, but not their serial activation over time as both semantic and motor areas were identified in both analyses. We also found enduring decreases in the alpha frequency band in the left ventral temporal region during the TOT state, suggesting ongoing semantic search. Finally, we identified reduced beta power in classical peri-sylvian language areas for the TOT condition, suggesting that brain regions that encode linguistic memories are also involved in their attempted retrieval.

scholarly journals Simultaneous near infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography: a prospective screening tool for brain trauma / disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Lee
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Brain Trauma ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Trail Making

This thesis reports the development of a novel screening tool for brain trauma and disease using a headset capable of taking simultaneous measurements of electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with a focus on developing the EEG side of the headset. Procedures for removing artifacts were developed for both modalities. The headset’s measurements were validated using a breath-holding task for fNIRS and an eyes open/eyes closed and trail making tasks for EEG. The eyes open/eyes closed (n=7) and trail making tasks (n=11) were further analyzed as potential tasks for use in screening. Integrated alpha power of EEG signals were found to provide robust differences between the eyes open/eyes closed states of the brain. Alpha power was also found to provide robust differences between rest and early trail making states in the trail making task, whereas, high beta power did not for either task.

The phase of prestimulus alpha oscillations affects tactile perception

2014 ◽  
Vol 111 (6) ◽  
pp. 1300-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Ai ◽  
Tony Ro
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Tactile Perception ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Alpha Oscillations ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Significant Difference

Previous studies have shown that neural oscillations in the 8- to 12-Hz range influence sensory perception. In the current study, we examined whether both the power and phase of these mu/alpha oscillations predict successful conscious tactile perception. Near-threshold tactile stimuli were applied to the left hand while electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded over the contralateral right somatosensory cortex. We found a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between prestimulus mu/alpha power and detection rate, suggesting that there is an intermediate level of alpha power that is optimal for tactile perception. We also found a significant difference in phase angle concentration at stimulus onset that predicted whether the upcoming tactile stimulus was perceived or missed. As has been shown in the visual system, these findings suggest that these mu/alpha oscillations measured over somatosensory areas exert a strong inhibitory control on tactile perception and that pulsed inhibition by these oscillations shapes the state of brain activity necessary for conscious perception. They further suggest that these common phasic processing mechanisms across different sensory modalities and brain regions may reflect a common underlying encoding principle in perceptual processing that leads to momentary windows of perceptual awareness.

Eeg Spectral Analysis in Schizophrenia

1980 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Fenton ◽  
P. B. C. Fenwick ◽  
J. Dollimore ◽  
T. L. Dunn ◽  
S. R. Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectra ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Eeg Spectral Analysis ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Schizophrenic Group ◽  
Normal Controls

SummaryFour channels of EEG (T4-T6, P4-02, T3-T5, P3-01) were recorded from several groups of control subjects and schizophrenia patients on analogue tape. They were later digitized and analysed by computer; power spectra were computed for 30 second epochs of EEG per channel; eyes closed, eyes open. No difference between normal controls and neurotic in-patients was apparent. An acute schizophrenic group had less alpha power, this change being confined largely to the temporal areas. A chronic outpatient sample showed less alpha and beta power, while chronic long-stay schizophrenic patients had an excess of delta power. The changes in both chronic patient groups were diffuse rather than local.

scholarly journals The secret life of predictive brains: what's spontaneous activity for?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pezzulo ◽  
Marco Zorzi ◽  
Maurizio Corbetta
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Generative Model ◽  
Model Complexity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Spontaneous Brain Activity ◽  
Overt Behavior ◽  
Eyes Closed

Brains at rest spontaneously generate dynamical activity that is not mere noise but highly structured in space and time. As our most vivid dreams exemplify, spontaneous brain activity can give rise to the most sophisticated cognition. We suggest that spontaneous brain activity as in rest, mind wandering, or dreaming, underlies top-down dynamics of the generative models used to engage in everyday tasks. However, these models have different functions during active tasks (online) and in the absence of overt behavior (offline). During active tasks, generative models provide top-down predictive signals to carry out perceptual, cognitive, and motor tasks. When stimuli are weak or absent as in dreaming or eyes closed rest, top-down dynamics support the optimization of the generative model for future interactions by maximizing the entropy of explanations and minimizing model complexity. Specifically, spontaneous fluctuations of correlated activity within and across brain regions may reflect transitions between "generic priors" of the generative model, which represent low dimensional latent variables and connectivity patterns of the most common perceptual, motor, cognitive, and interoceptive states. These states are not tied to any specific explanation but useful to code future interactions, both familiar and novel. Therefore, even at rest, brains are proactive and predictive.

scholarly journals Development of Frontal EEG Differences Between Eyes-Closed and Eyes-Open Resting Conditions in Children: Data From a Single-Channel Dry-Sensor Portable Device

2020 ◽  
pp. 155005942094664
Author(s):  
Stuart J. Johnstone ◽  
Han Jiang ◽  
Li Sun ◽  
Jeffrey M. Rogers ◽  
Joaquin Valderrama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Channel ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Individual

Changes in EEG when moving from an eyes-closed to an eyes-open resting condition result from bottom-up sensory processing and have been referred to as activation. In children, activation is characterized by a global reduction in alpha, frontally present reductions for delta and theta, and a frontal increase for beta. The present study aimed to replicate frontal EEG activation effects using single-channel, dry-sensor EEG, and to extend current understanding by examining developmental change in children. Frontal EEG was recorded using a single-channel, dry-sensor EEG device while 182 children aged 7 to 12 years completed eyes-closed resting (EC), eyes-open resting (EO), and focus (FO) tasks. Results indicated that frontal delta, theta, and alpha power were reduced, and frontal beta power was increased, in the EO compared with the EC condition. Exploratory analysis of a form of top-down activation showed that frontal beta power was increased in the FO compared with to the EO condition, with no differences for other bands. The activation effects were robust at the individual level. The bottom-up activation effects reduced with age for frontal delta and theta, increased for frontal alpha, with no developmental change for top-down or bottom-up frontal beta activation. These findings contribute further to validation of the single-channel, dry-sensor, frontal EEG and provide support for use in a range of medical, therapeutic, and clinical domains.

scholarly journals Relating neural oscillations to laminar fMRI connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Scheeringa ◽  
Mathilde Bonnefond ◽  
Tim van Mourik ◽  
Ole Jensen ◽  
David G. Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Superficial Layer ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Beta Power ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Strong Relation

AbstractLaminar fMRI can non-invasively study brain activation and potentially connectivity at the laminar level in humans. In a previous simultaneous laminar fMRI/EEG experiment, we observed that attention effects in alpha, beta and gamma band EEG power relate to attention effects in fMRI activation in V1/V2/V3 at distinct cortical depths: alpha and gamma band EEG attention effects related to fMRI effects in superficial layers, whereas beta attention effects related to deep layers. Here we reanalyzed these data to investigate how EEG-attention effects relate to changes in connectivity between regions. We computed the fMRI-based attention effect on laminar connectivity between regions within a hemisphere and connectivity between layers within brain regions. We observed that the beta band strongly relates to laminar specific changes in connectivity. Our results indicate that the attention-related decrease in beta power relates to an increase in deep-to-deep layer connectivity between regions and deep/middle to superficial layer connectivity within brain regions. The attention related alpha power increase predominantly relates to increases in connectivity between deep and superficial layers within brain regions. We observed no strong relation between laminar connectivity and gamma band oscillations. These results indicate that especially beta band oscillations, and to a lesser extent alpha band oscillations relate to laminar specific changes in connectivity as measured by laminar fMRI. Together, the effects for the alpha and beta bands suggest a complex picture of possibly co-occurring neural processes that can differentially affect laminar connectivity.

scholarly journals 4085 TL1 Team Approach to Predicting Short-term and Long-term Effects of Spinal Cord Stimulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 120-120
Author(s):  
Kyle See ◽  
Rachel Louise Mahealani Judy ◽  
Stephen Coombes ◽  
Ruogu Fang
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Chronic Back Pain ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Beta Power

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an intervention for patients with chronic back pain. Technological advances have led to renewed optimism in the field, but mechanisms of action in the brain remain poorly understood. We hypothesize that SCS outcomes will be associated with changes in neural oscillations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The goal of our team project is to test patients who receive SCS at 3 times points: baseline, at day 7 during the trial period, and day 180 after a permanent system has been implanted. At each time point participants will complete 10 minutes of eyes closed, resting electroencephalography (EEG). EEG will be collected with the ActiveTwo system, a 128-electrode cap, and a 256 channel AD box from BioSemi. Traditional machine learning methods such as support vector machine and more complex models including deep learning will be used to generate interpretable features within resting EEG signals. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Through machine learning, we anticipate that SCS will have a significant effect on resting alpha and beta power in sensorimotor cortex. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This collaborative project will further the application of machine learning in cognitive neuroscience and allow us to better understand how therapies for chronic pain alter resting brain activity.

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