scholarly journals Understanding the Error in Psychopathology: Notable Intraindividual Differences in Neural Variability of Performance Monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E Clayson ◽  
Harold A Rocha ◽  
Scott Baldwin ◽  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Michael J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Intraindividual Variability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Neural Variability

Background: Abnormal performance monitoring is a possible transdiagnostic marker common across psychopathology. Most research on neural indices of performance monitoring, including the error-related negativity (ERN), has examined group and interindividual (between-person) differences in mean/average scores. Intraindividual (within-person) variability in neural activity captures the capacity to dynamically adjust from moment to moment, and excessive neural variability appears maladaptive. Intraindividual variability in ERN represents a unique and largely unexplored dimension that might impact functioning. We tested whether psychopathology group differences (major depressive disorder [MDD], generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], obsessive-compulsive disorder [OCD]) or corresponding psychiatric symptoms account for intraindividual variability in single-trial ERN scores. Methods: ERN was recorded in 51 participants with MDD, 44 participants with GAD, 31 participants with OCD, and 56 psychiatrically-healthy control participants. Multilevel location-scale models were used to simultaneously examine interindividual and intraindividual differences in ERN amplitude. Results: Analyses indicated considerable intraindividual variability in ERN that was common across all groups. However, we did not find strong evidence to support clinical differences in ERN when examining traditional diagnostic categories or relationships with transdiagnostic symptoms. Conclusions: These findings point to important methodological implications for studies of performance monitoring in healthy and clinical populations—the common assumption of fixed intraindividual variability (i.e., residual variance) is inappropriate for ERN studies in clinical or healthy populations. Implementation of multilevel location-scale models in future research can leverage between-person differences in intraindividual variability in performance monitoring to gain a rich understanding of the trial-to-trial dynamics of performance monitoring.

Additive and Alternative Approaches to Treating Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana Muroff ◽  
Abigail Ross ◽  
Joseph Rothfarb
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Specific Alternative ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Complementary And Alternative

While cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy are “gold standard” treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), complementary and alternative treatments are frequently sought for anxiety disorders. The purpose of this chapter is to review and discuss the available research on the application, efficacy and effectiveness of complementary and alternative methods for treating OCD. The first section identifies and reviews studies focusing on specific alternative and complementary treatments that are independent from, or work in conjunction with CBT, such as yoga, herbal remedies, motivational strategies, and bibliotherapy. The second section discusses alternative and complementary methods of more mainstream CBT and related techniques, with a particular focus on technology-supported approaches. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the methodological issues in the existing research on complementary and alternative methods in the treatment of OCD, questions for future research, and implications for providers.

scholarly journals Patient-reported outcomes in obsessive-compulsive disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Patient Reported Outcomes ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Psychometric Evaluation ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome Measures ◽  
Patient Reported Outcome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Patient Reported

The purpose of the article was to provide an overview of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and related measures that have been examined in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The current review focused on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) that evaluated three broad outcome domains: functioning, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and OCD-related symptoms. The present review ultimately included a total of 155 unique articles and 22 PROMs. An examination of the PROs revealed that OCD patients tend to suffer from significant functional disability, and report lower HRQoL than controls. OCD patients report greater symptom severity than patients with other mental disorders and evidence indicates that PROMs are sensitive to change and may be even better than clinician-rated measures at predicting treatment outcomes. Nonetheless, it should be noted that the measures reviewed lacked patient input in their development. Future research on PROMs must involve patient perspectives and include rigorous psychometric evaluation of these measures.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Study Exploring Neurodiversity Conference Themes, Representations and Evidence-Based Justifications for the Explicit Inclusion and Valuing of OCD

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-138
Author(s):  
Damian Mellifont
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

The inclusivity of neurodiversity conferences is a new field of research. Utilising Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as an example, this study aims to critically investigate issues of inclusivity in the flyers advertising these conferences. This exploratory research is informed by 22 conference flyers and 14 scholarly articles retrieved from respective internet and Google Scholar enquiries. These articles offered evidence-based justifications for a greater inclusion of OCD-focused content in neurodiversity conferences. The study cautions that the lack of explicit inclusion of OCD as a topic among conferences can be harmful to persons who identify with this particular type of neurodivergence. This study offers a sound base from which future research focusing upon other forms of neurodivergence and issues of neurodiversity conference inclusivity and intersectionality can develop.

scholarly journals Atypical action updating in a dynamic environment associated with adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleya A Aziz Marzuki ◽  
Matilde Vaghi ◽  
Anna Conway-Morris ◽  
Muzaffer Kaser ◽  
Akeem Sule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Error Related Negativity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cognitive Information ◽  
Confidence Ratings

Background Computational research had determined that adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) display heightened action updating in response to noise in the environment and neglect meta-cognitive information (such as confidence) when making decisions. These features are proposed to underlie patients compulsions despite knowledge they are irrational. Nonetheless, it is unclear whether this extends to adolescents with OCD as research in this population is lacking. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interplay between action and confidence in adolescents with OCD. Methods Twenty-seven adolescents with OCD and 46 controls completed a predictive-inference task, designed to probe how subjects actions and confidence ratings fluctuate in response to unexpected outcomes. We investigated how subjects update actions in response to prediction errors (indexing mismatches between expectations and outcomes) and used parameters from a Bayesian model to predict how confidence and action evolve over time. Confidence-action association strength was assessed using a regression model. We also investigated the effects of serotonergic medication. Results Adolescents with OCD showed significantly increased learning rates, particularly following small prediction errors. Results were driven primarily by unmedicated patients. Confidence ratings appeared equivalent between groups, although model-based analysis revealed that patients confidence was less affected by prediction errors compared to controls. Patients and controls did not differ in the extent to which they updated actions and confidence in tandem. Conclusions Adolescents with OCD showed enhanced action adjustments, especially in the face of small prediction errors, consistent with previous research establishing just-right compulsions, enhanced error-related negativity, and greater decision-uncertainty in paediatric-OCD. These tendencies were ameliorated in patients receiving serotonergic medication, emphasising the importance of early intervention in preventing disorder-related cognitive deficits. Confidence ratings were equivalent between young patients and controls, mirroring findings in adults OCD research.

Clinical Management of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Current Knowledge Base ◽  
Hair Pulling Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) now have their own category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition. Disorders currently classified as OCRDs are obsessive-compulsive disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), excoriation (skin picking) disorder, hoarding disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder. Collectively, the OCRDs are prevalent, cause considerable functional impairment, and are often overlooked by clinicians. This review surveys current definitions and diagnosis of OCRDs, highlighting recommended assessment tools, differential diagnoses, and medical issues. The heritability of OCRDs is examined, based on available twin data, along with implicated genetic factors. Neurobiological understanding of OCRDs is outlined, focusing on dysregulation of habit generation and top-down response control corticostriatal pathways. The review then highlights evidence-based treatments for OCRDs, which differ considerably between individual disorders. Treatment guidance includes descriptions of target medication doses and therapy content. Lastly, limitations in the current knowledge base for OCRDs are reviewed, with implications for future research directions. This review contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 40 references. Key words: compulsivity, dopamine, glutamate, impulsivity, screening for OCD, serotonin 

scholarly journals Exploring aspects of the cognitive behavioural model of physical hoarding in relation to digital hoarding behaviours

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 205520761988217
Author(s):  
Susan Thorpe ◽  
Alexander Bolster ◽  
Nick Neave
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotional Attachment ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioural Model ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

While the hoarding of physical objects has been extensively explored, there is little research relating to the hoarding of digital materials. The research that has been conducted suggests that digital hoarding (DH) behaviours appear to have some similarities with physical hoarding (PH) behaviours, and can be just as psychologically distressing. This study uses the framework of the cognitive behavioural model of PH to explore DH behaviours, including possible similarities regarding emotional attachment to digital possessions, and possible links with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and indecisiveness. For the study, 282 participants completed an online survey which measured levels of digital and physical hoarding, compulsive acquisition, OCD, indecisiveness and mood. Strong emotional attachments to particular types of digital possessions were evident: this was especially true for photographs and videos. Significant positive relationships were found between all the variables measured. However, a regression analysis revealed that only OCD and PH scores were significant predictors of DH. DH thus appears to share some of the features of PH. Implications, limitations and future research possibilities are discussed.

Cognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Y. Shin ◽  
T. Y. Lee ◽  
E. Kim ◽  
J. S. Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Pubmed Database

BackgroundSubstantial empirical evidence has indicated impairment in the cognitive functioning of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) despite inconsistencies. Although several confounding factors have been investigated to explain the conflicting results, the findings remain mixed. This study aimed to investigate cognitive dysfunction in patients with OCD using a meta-analytic approach.MethodThe PubMed database was searched between 1980 and October 2012, and reference lists of review papers were examined. A total of 221 studies were identified, of which 88 studies met inclusion criteria. Neuropsychological performance and demographic and clinical variables were extracted from each study.ResultsPatients with OCD were significantly impaired in tasks that measured visuospatial memory, executive function, verbal memory and verbal fluency, whereas auditory attention was preserved in these individuals. The largest effect size was found in the ability to recall complex visual stimuli. Overall effect estimates were in the small to medium ranges for executive function, verbal memory and verbal fluency. The effects of potentially confounding factors including educational level, symptom severity, medication status and co-morbid disorders were not significant.ConclusionsPatients with OCD appear to have wide-ranging cognitive deficits, although their impairment is not so large in general. The different test forms and methods of testing may have influenced the performance of patients with OCD, indicating the need to select carefully the test forms and methods of testing used in future research. The effects of various confounding variables on cognitive functioning need to be investigated further and to be controlled before a definite conclusion can be made.

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