scholarly journals Epistemic transfer between linguistics and neuroscience: Problems and prospects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giosuè Baggio
Keyword(s):  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Type A ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Type B ◽  
Neural Data ◽  
Type C ◽  
Linguistic Functions ◽  
Language Type

This chapter analyzes instances of successful, partial, and failed unidirectional epistemic transfer between theoretical linguistics and neuroscience. I distinguish three types of transfer, depending on the nature of the linguistic knowledge involved: type-A knowledge, about language as such, essentially invariant across theories or formalisms; type-B knowledge, about alternative formal analyses of basic structures and operations in language; type-C knowledge, about the application of various computational methods to analyzing or modeling behavioral or neural data. I conclude that successful epistemic transfer may be achieved, under certain conditions, with type-A and type-C knowledge, and I present some examples of the strengths and limitations of each approach. Type-B transfer, however, in particular from theories of syntactic and semantic composition, so far has not led to new knowledge of the neural correlates and mechanisms of linguistic computation. I suggest that greater theoretical emphasis on algorithmic-level analyses, via a revised notion of linguistic competence and a new model of epistemic transfer, can bring formal linguistics and neuroscience closer together. Finally, I discuss the possible role of a computationalist psycholinguistics as a semi-autonomous ‘bridge science’, that could serve the aim of linking linguistics and neuroscience through algorithmic models of linguistic functions, aided by emerging methods and results in areas of computational linguistics, computer science, and AI.

Tone Language Type Change in Africa and Asia

Diachronica ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-257
Author(s):  
Martha Ratliff
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Function Type ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Tone Languages ◽  
Type Change ◽  
Tone Function ◽  
Morphological Patterns ◽  
Language Type

SUMMARY Tone languages can be characterized by the degree to which they realize one of two tone language prototypes defined in terms of tone function. Type A tone languages (usually Asian) employ tone lexically and in minor morphological patterns. Type B tone languages (usually African and Mesoamerican) employ tone to make major morphological distinctions in addition to performing type A functions. For communicative reasons, these functions are necessarily linked to other structural properties of the languages of each type. This paper discusses three tone languages which have undergone different degrees of tone language type change and, as a result, are genetically or areally atypical: !Xũ (Khoisan), Gokana (Niger-Congo), and Mpi (Tibeto-Burman). It is the claim of the author that the driving force behind tone language type change, as exemplified by these three languages, is a change in the role of segmental morphology. RÉSUMÉ On peut caractériser les langues tonales par le degré par lequel elles réalisent un des deux prototypes de langues tonales définis en terme de fonction tonale. Les langues tonales de type A (généralement asiatiques) emploient le ton pour des fonctions lexicales et des fonctions morphologiques mineures. Outre les fonctions de type A, les langues tonales de type B (généralement africaines et mésoaméricaines) emploient le ton pour des fonctions morphologiques majeures. La communication ayant ses exigences, ces fonctions sont inévitablement liées aux autres propriétés structurales de chaque type. Dans cette étude il s'agit de trois langues tonales qui ont subi différents degrés de changement de type tonal et qui sont, par conséquent, atypiques du point de vue génétique et régional: !Xũ (Khoisan), Gokana (Niger-Congo), et Mpi (Tibeto-Birman). Se fondant sur ces trois langues, l'auteur émet l'hypothèse que la causalité de l'évolution du ton se trouve dans un changement du rôle de la morphologie segmentate. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Tonsprachen kônnen nach dem Grade, nach dem sie einem der beiden Pro-totypen folgen, charakterisiert werden, und zwar im Sinne ihrer Funktion: Typ A Tonsprachen (meistens asiatische) verwenden Ton lexikalisch und in we-niger wichtigen morphologischen Strukturen; Typ B Tonsprachen (zumeist afrikanische und mittelamerikanische) hingegen verwenden Ton, um wichtige morphologische Unterscheidungen zu treffen, wâhrend sie gleichzeitig auch Funktionen des Typ A wahrnehmen. Aus kommunikativen Griinden sind die Funktionen notwendigerweise mit anderen Struktureigenschaften der Sprachen des jeweiligen Typs verbunden. Der Aufsatz analysiert drei Tonsprachen, die zu verschiedenen Graden Ànderungen in ihrem Tonsystemtyp erfahren haben und daher als entweder genetisch oder areal gesehen atypisch sind: !Xu (Khoi-san), Gokana (Niger-Kongo) und Mpi (Tibeto-Burmesisch). Die Autorin ist der Auffassung, daB die treibende Kraft hinter diesem Tonsprachentypwandel, wie er in diesen drei Sprachen aufgezeigt wird, in der Verânderung in der Rolle der segmentalen Morphologie in diesen Sprachen zu suchen sei.

Feeding behaviour and bioerosion: the ecological role of the rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville, 1825), in Okinawa reef flat

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Noar Muda Satyawan ◽  
Shelly Tutupoho ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno ◽  
Makoto Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Type A ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Type B ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Echinometra Mathaei ◽  
Benthic Ecosystems

Erosion rate on corals due to activities of other biota is called bioerosion. The rock-boring urchin, Echinometra mathaei, when it is abundant, plays a significant role in benthic ecosystems, including biological processes like coral erosion. During feeding, E. mathaei erodes calcium carbonate besides grazing on algae living on coral, so it plays an important role in both organic and inorganic carbons in coral reefs. The urchin E. mathaei actively feeds during the night time (nocturnal grazer). Although in Okinawa four types (A-D) of the urchin exist, the research only focused on the types A and B. Type A of E. mathaei produced 0.44951 g feces per day on average while type B produced 0.38030 g feces per day. CaCO3 analysis in feces and gut contents showed bioerosion rate of E. mathaei type A was 0.64492 g/individu/day, and 0.54436 g/individu/day in type B. There were no significant differences in bioerosion impact of E. mathaei type A and B© Laju erosi pada karang yang disebabkan oleh biota, dikenal dengan bioerosi. Bulu babi jenis Echinometra mathaei, ketika melimpah, menjadi sangat berpengaruh terhadap ekosistem bentik termasuk proses biologi seperti erosi karang. Selama aktivitas makan, E. mathaei menggerus kalsium karbonat dalam proporsi yang besar di samping alga yang tumbuh menempel pada karang sehingga memiliki peran penting dalam siklus karbon organik dan anorganik di ekosistem terumbu karang. Bulu babi E. mathaei aktif mencari makan pada malam hari (nocturnal grazer). Meskipun di Okinanawa ada 4 tipe (A-D), pada eksperimen kali ini memfokuskan pada tipe A dan B saja. Tipe A E. mathaei rata-rata memproduksi 0,44951 g feses/hari dan tipe B memproduksi 0,38030 g feses/hari. Berdasarkan analisis CaCO3 yang dilakukan pada feses dan isi lambung, laju bioerosi yang disebabkan oleh E. mathaei tipe A sebesar 0,64492 g/individu/hari sedangkan tipe B sebesar 0,54436 g/individu/hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan dampak bioerosi yang signifikan antara E. mathaei tipe A dan B©

scholarly journals The effectiveness of TiO2 additions to mortar to maintain initial conditions in terms of its reflectance to solar radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Roberto Andrade Dantas ◽  
Fulvio Vittorino ◽  
Kai Loh
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Type A ◽  
Just Noticeable Difference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Contact of facades with degradation agents and direct incidence of ultraviolet radiation on external coatings make them more opaque over time, affecting their colour and reflectance characteristics. This study evaluated the effect of adding different TiO2 contents to mortars applied in concrete substrates in order to verify the reflectance maintenance on surfaces after exposure over time. Mortar with different concentrations of TiO2 (1%, 5%, 10%) were produced in relation to the total dry premix, added as a powder and compared to unpainted mortar without TiO2 (type "A") and painted mortar without TiO2 (type "B"), both used as a reference for colour and reflectance. Exposed over 16 months to climate conditions in São Paulo, regarding the maintenance of reflectance and solar radiation, the results showed that type "B" (0%TiO2) painted mortar presented the best performance. Type "C" (1%TiO2) and type "D" (5%TiO2) unpainted mortar remained more stable. Type "A" (0%TiO2) and type "E" (10%TiO2) unpainted mortar showed greater differences according to the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) range caused by dirt pick up.

Judgments of Grammatically by Normal and Language-Disordered Children

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Z. Liles ◽  
Martin D. Shulman ◽  
Susan Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Type A ◽  
Order Type ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Type B ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Grammatical Errors ◽  
Type C

Fifteen linguistically normal children and 15 linguistically deviant children were presented with three types of agrammatical sentences. The subjects were asked to judge the sentences as right or wrong and to change the sentences judged as wrong, rendering them correct. The three types of agrammatical sentences represented rule violations of syntactic agreement (Type A), lexical restrictions (Type B), and word order (Type C). The two groups of children were compared in terms of the number of sentences of each type that were recognized as agrammatical. Those productions which represented the child’s correction of agrammatical sentences were subjected to descriptive analyses (percentages) with specific reference to the number of attempted changes and the number of those changes which demonstrated corrections of the specific deviation from well formedness. Results indicated that the two groups of subjects were significantly different in their ability to recognize grammatical errors in sentence Types A and C, but did not differ in their ability to recognize errors in sentence Type B. The descriptive comparison of the groups' verbal corrections reflected this trend, in that the language-disordered subjects made corrections specific to the error on more of the Type B sentences (for example, “The dog writes the food.”) than on Types A (for example, “'She will pick some flowers last week.”) or C (for example, “Get and come your dinner.”). Linguistically normal children accurately corrected 90.7% of the sentences judged as agrammatical; this percentage did not vary more than 1% across sentence types.

scholarly journals SAT-006 A New Concept for the Endocrinology of Pre-Eclampsia: The Role of Spiral Steroids

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred I Chasalow ◽  
Ron Bochner
Keyword(s):  
Type A ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Type B ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Breast Cyst ◽  
High K ◽  
Epithelial Na Channels ◽  
Low Salt

Abstract Background: In 1987, Graves observed that during the 3rd trimester, some patients with pre-eclampsia had high levels of unknown materials that could be detected with assays for digoxin (DLM). In 2018, we characterized a new candidate for the DLM, Ionotropin. It is a phosphocholine (PC) ester of a novel steroid with 23 carbon atoms. As Ionotropin shares structural features (a) with spironolactone (both have spiral lactones in the E-ring) and (b) with digoxin (E-ring lactone and 3α-5β configuration), we have proposed that Ionotropin may function as a potassium (K+) sparing diuretic. This suggestion is supported by the observations that [1] patients who cannot make Ionotropin (7-dehydrosterol reductase deficiency) are K+ wasting and [2] breast cyst fluids with high K+ levels also have high Ionotropin levels. Hypothesis: During the 3rd trimester, fetal requirements for K+ reach a maximum, fetal blood pressure increases and aldosterone signaling is blocked. This blockage leads to fetal sodium (Na+) wasting and is essential for formation of amniotic fluid. These events are consistent with a normal role for an unknown endogenous K+ sparing hormone and would be the basis for a modest elevation of maternal DLM during the 3rd trimester. Our hypothesis is that if any of the functions were inadequate, then the fetal-placental unit would synthesize excess PC-spiral steroids; the woman would exhibit symptoms of K+ sparing hormone excess (hypertension and proteinuria) and would be diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. Experimental Results: We have just reported a pilot study associating elevated PC esters of spiral steroids in women with pre-eclampsia. In brief, 12 of 19 women had elevated levels of at least one of the PC steroids (Z-score > 2) when compared to the levels in 20 pregnant women matched for gestational age and fetal sex. There are two basic mechanisms for this dichotomy: (a) there may be episodic secretion with of a DLM with a short half-life or (b) there may be two different underlying biochemical causes. In prior studies, there has been no indication of episodic secretion of DLM similar to that observed with glucocorticoids, Ionotropin or other PC spiral steroids. Discussion: There are two basic types of K+ sparing diuretics. Type A: Spironolactone functions by regulating the NaK-ATPase. Type B: Triamterene functions by blocking synthesis of epithelial Na+ channels. Thus, Type A would have high levels of spiral steroids and Type B would have low levels of spiral steroids. Type A patients would be expected to have higher risk of long-term consequences when compared to the Type B patients. Conclusion: The recognition of the division of pre-eclampsia into two separate diseases might be the key observation for developing Type-specific diagnosis and therapy. For example, a Type A patient might benefit from a low salt diet but that diet would not be expected to benefit a patient with Type B disease.

scholarly journals Structural and fractal characterization of adsorption pores of middle–high rank coal reservoirs in western Yunnan and eastern Guizhou: An experimental study of coals from the Panguan syncline and Laochang anticline

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjian Zhang ◽  
Chongtao Wei ◽  
Gaoyuan Yan ◽  
Guanwen Lu
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Type A ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type C

To better understand the structural characteristic of adsorption pores (pore diameter < 100 nm) of coal reservoirs around the coalbed methane production areas of western Yunnan and eastern Guizhou, we analyzed the structural and fractal characteristics of pore size range of 0.40–2.0 nm and 2–100 nm in middle–high rank coals ( Ro,max = 0.93–3.20%) by combining low-temperature N2/CO2 adsorption tests and surface/volume fractal theory. The results show that the coal reservoirs can be divided into three categories: type A ( Ro,max < 2.15%), type B (2.15% <  Ro,max <2.50%), and type C ( Ro,max > 2.15%). The structural parameters of pores in the range from 2 to 100 nm are influenced by the degree of coal metamorphism and the compositional parameters (e.g., ash and volatile matter). The dominant diameters of the specific surface areas are 10–50 nm, 2–50 nm, and 2–10 nm, respectively. The pores in the range from <2 nm provide the largest proportion of total specific surface area (97.22%–99.96%) of the coal reservoir, and the CO2-specific surface area and CO2-total pore volume relationships show a positive linear correlation. The metamorphic degree has a much greater control on the pores (pore diameter less than 2 nm) structural parameters than those of the pore diameter ranges from 2 to 100 nm. Dv1 and Dv2 can characterize the structure of 2–100 nm adsorption pores, and Dv1 (volume heterogeneity) has a positive correlation with the pore structural parameters such as N2-specific surface area and N2-total pore volume. This parameter can be used to characterize volume heterogeneity of 2–10 nm pores. Dv2 (surface heterogeneity) showed type A > type B > type C and was mainly affected by the metamorphism degree. Ds2 can be used to characterize the pore surface heterogeneity of micropores in the range of 0.62–1.50 nm. This parameter has a good correlation with the pore parameters (CO2-total pore volume, CO2-specific surface area, and average pore size) and is expressed as type C < type B < type A. In conclusion, the heterogeneity of the micropores is less than that of the meso- and macropores (2–100 nm). Dv1, Dv2, and Ds2 can be used as effective parameters to characterize the pore structure of adsorption pores. This result can provide a theoretical basis for studying the pore structure compatibility of coal reservoirs in the region.

scholarly journals Postsurgical residual lung complications following left upper trisegmentectomy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaro Koike ◽  
Aritoshi Hattori ◽  
Takeshi Matsunaga ◽  
Kazuya Takamochi ◽  
Shiaki Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Type A ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Type B ◽  
Type D ◽  
Thoracic Computed Tomography ◽  
Isolated Segment ◽  
Type C ◽  
Lung Torsion

AbstractOBJECTIVESSegmentectomy has become an increasingly popular surgical procedure for small-sized lung lesions. Left upper trisegmentectomy (LUTS) is one of the most common segmentectomies performed because of its relative ease and simplicity; however, limited information is currently available on the specific postoperative complications associated with this procedure.METHODSAmong 2060 surgically resected cases in our institute between 2009 and 2016, 129 (6.2%) underwent LUTS. Postoperative chest X-rays and/or thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans were retrospectively assessed for all cases to assess postsurgical residual lung complications following LUTS. We categorized cases into 4 groups: type A (atelectasis of the lingular segment), type B (lung torsion of the lingular segment), type C (necrosis of the ‘isolated segment’) and type D (haematoma along stapling lines).RESULTSPostsurgical lung complications following LUTS were observed in 17 (13.1%) patients (type A: n = 7, type B: n = 1, type C: n = 4 and type D: n = 5). Three patients (2.3%) required surgical intervention because of type B (n = 1) and type C (n = 2), namely, decreased permeability and remaining ground glass opacities in the residual lung, showing an exacerbated systemic inflammatory response. In contrast, type A and D cases were successfully observed by chest CT without any surgical intervention, and patients recovered within a few months of surgery.CONCLUSIONSWe identified several postoperative residual lung complications following LUTS. Lung torsion or necrosis of the residual segment may require intensive care, including reoperation. Potentially serious complications always need to be ruled out after LUTS when radiological consolidation is detected postoperatively.

Research on Flow Units of Extra-Low Permeability Reservoirs in Fault Block Sheng554 of Shengping Oilfield

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 3162-3165
Author(s):  
Lu Lu Zhou ◽  
Zi Nan Li ◽  
Jun Gang Liu ◽  
Yan Yun Zhang ◽  
Guang Qiang Shu
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Type A ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Type B ◽  
Flow Units ◽  
Fault Block ◽  
Remaining Oil ◽  
Type C ◽  
Low Permeability Reservoirs

Taking the example of the fourth member of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou formation reservoirs in fault block Sheng554 of Sanzhao sag, this article discusses the methodology of flow units in extra-low permeability reservoirs. The research on flow units in such reservoirs can be divided into two ranks, one is to determine the distribution of seepage barriers and inner connected sands， the other is to analyze the differentia of fluid flow in the inner connected sands so as to subdivide the flow units. The result shows that the pelitic barriers are rather developed in fault block Sheng554. Through the analysis of differentia of fluid flow, according to the value of flow zone index (FZI), the inner connected sands can be classified into three types of flow units, among which type A with FZI value greater than 1.0 has better permeable property and higher intensity of water injection, and the ability of permeability and water injection of type B with FZI value between 0.5 and 1.0 takes the second place, and type C is the worst flow unit with the worst permeable property and intensity of water injection with FZI value less than 0.5. Among the three types of flow units, type A poorly develops, while type B and type C develops well. The research on flow units can provide reliable geologic bases for forecasting the distribution of remaining oil in extra-low permeability reservoirs and for developing remaining oil in the study area.

A New Classification of Cochleovestibular Malformations and Implications for Predicting Speech Perception Ability after Cochlear Implantation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Wook Jeong ◽  
Lee-Suk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Type A ◽  
Cochlear Nerve ◽  
Type B ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type C

Objectives: The aims of this study were to introduce a new classification of cochleovestibular malformation (CVM) and to investigate how well this classification can predict speech perception ability after cochlear implantation in children with CVM. Methods: Fifty-nine children with CVM who had used a cochlear implant for more than 3 years were included. CVM was classified into 4 subtypes based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus on temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT): normal cochlea and normal modiolus (type A, n = 16), malformed cochlea and partial modiolus (type B, n = 31), malformed cochlea and no modiolus (type C, n = 6), and no cochlea and no modiolus (type D, n = 6). Speech perception test scores were compared between the subtypes of CVM using analysis of covariance with post hoc Bonferroni test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify the significant predictors of the speech perception test scores. Results: The speech perception test scores after implantation were significantly better in children with CVM type A or type B than in children with CVM type C or type D. The test scores did not differ significantly between the implanted children with CVM type A or type B and those without CVM. In univariate regression analysis, the type of CVM was a significant predictor of the speech perception test scores in implanted children with CVM. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the age at cochlear implantation, cochlear nerve size and preimplantation speech perception test scores were significant predictors of the postimplantation speech perception test scores. The chance of cochlear nerve deficiency increased progressively from CVM type A to type D. Conclusion: The new classification of CVM based on the morphology of the cochlea and the modiolus is simple and easy to use, and correlated well with postimplantation speech perception ability and cochlear nerve status. This simple classification of CVM using TBCT with cochlear nerve assessment by magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in the preoperative evaluation of children with CVM.

GROUPING OF ISOLATES OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE BASIDIOMYCETE ON THE BASIS OF CULTURAL BEHAVIOR AND PATHOGENICITY

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. B. Ward ◽  
J. B. Lebeau ◽  
M. W. Cormack
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Type A ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Type B ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Type C ◽  
Ph Range

Isolates of an unidentified low-temperature basidiomycete, associated with snow mold in Western Canada, were divided into three types, A, B, and C, on the basis of their general cultural appearance. Support for this classification was obtained when representative isolates of each type were examined to determine: the effect of temperature and pH on growth; tolerance of antibiotics and HCN; ability to liberate HCN in culture and in the host plant; pathogenicity.Type A isolates grew slowly under most conditions and were least tolerant of the extremes of temperature and pH employed, moderately inhibited by antibiotics, and strongly inhibited by HCN. They produced HCN in large quantities in host plants and none in culture. They were moderately pathogenic on grass and highly pathogenic on alfalfa. Type B isolates grew somewhat more rapidly than type A, especially at the upper and lower temperatures, and grew over a wider pH range. These isolates were more tolerant of antibiotics and HCN. They produced smaller quantities of HCN than type A in infected alfalfa plants but released large amounts in culture. They were less pathogenic than type A on alfalfa but similarly pathogenic on grass. Type C isolates were fast-growing forms which were strongly inhibited by antibiotics and HCN. They did not liberate HCN under any conditions and were not pathogenic.

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