Children’s Cost-Benefit Assessment of Lies Across Three Cultures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Xinran Guo ◽  
Philippe Rochat
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Benefit Assessment ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Child Friendly

We examined 4- to 11-year-old children’s evaluation of six types of lies arranged along a cost-benefit assessment model factoring both the lie-teller and the lie recipient. Children were from three distinct cultural environments: rural Samoa (n = 99), urban China (n = 49), and urban U.S. (n = 109). Following the simple script of six different stories involving a lie-teller and a lie recipient, children were asked to evaluate the character who lied and whether it deserved reward or punishment using a child-friendly Likert scale. From the time children produce both anti- and prosocial lies, our results show that their evaluation of lies rests on a cost-benefit analysis of both the lie-teller and the lie recipient. Such analysis varies depending on age, type of lie, and the child’s cultural environment. In general, Samoan children tended to rate lies more negatively, and they were less differential in their evaluation of the different types of lies compared to both Chinese and U.S. children. We interpret these results as reflecting the differences across cultures in explicit moral teaching and children’s relative experience in resource allocation.

Establishment of Risk Assessment Model for Ship Collision using Applied Bayesian Network -Collision Accidents between Fishing vessels and Cargo Vessels -

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Shinoda ◽  
Koji Uru
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Bayesian Network ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Risk Assessment Model ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment ◽  
Trial Cost

In this study, a risk assessment model for ship collisions is proposed according to the guidelines for Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) approved by IMO in 2002. The analysis is applied to ship collisions between fishing and cargo vessels owing to their high frequency and enormous damage. Bayesian network theory for risk analysis has been applied to reveal a causal relationship on human factors. A trial evaluation of Risk Control Options (RCOs) for collisions is attempted through the calculation of the dominance index. Finally, a trial cost benefit analysis for RCOs is considered through Gross Cost of Averting Fatality (GCAF) in FSA.

Resource allocation

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Anna Smajdor ◽  
Jonathan Herring ◽  
Robert Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Medical Resources ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Ethical Basis ◽  
Quality Adjusted Life

This chapter explores the issues around the rationing of medical resources. It considers the different ways in which restrictions are imposed on what treatments are available and the ethical basis on which these assessments are based. This includes the controversial 'quality adjusted life years' method which is used to determine a cost/benefit analysis of different treatments. The chapter also examines how rationing is consistent with broader themes of justice.

scholarly journals AN APPROACH FOR THE MULTI-CRITERIA DERIVATION OF LIGHTWEIGHT POTENTIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 977-986
Author(s):  
F. Laufer ◽  
D. Roth ◽  
H. Binz
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Lightweight Design ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Different Types

AbstractLightweight potential is a powerful indicator – but not as powerful as it could be. Current methods for analyzing a product's potential to be reduced in mass only deal with a few of the most important criteria for lightweight design. This paper presents an approach transferring cost-benefit analysis to the holistic derivation of lightweight potential. The approach is able to deal with different types of criteria supporting the designer in indentifying the most promising components for mass reduction. An evaluation example is given showcasing a tooling machine.

Economics, Ethics and Environmental Problems

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Söderbaum
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Neoclassical Economics ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Ecological Ethics ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Way

The relevance and usefulness of mainstream or neoclassical economics has been questioned more in some fields of inquiry than in others. Against the background of an attempt to characterize environmental problems, the fruitfulness of conventional ideas of economic analysis, as carried out in practice in the form of cost-benefit analysis, is questioned. Alternative approaches judged to be more compatible with environmental problems are indicated. It is argued that cost-benefit analysis represents a closed ethic or ideology and that approaches which open the way for various possible ethical or ideological standpoints are more promising. Different principles of resource allocation or housekeeping should be considered and the idea of only one “scientifically correct” or “true” principle abandoned. Non-monetary principles of housekeeping, such as specific versions of ecological ethics, are not “less economic” than the now dominant monetary principles.

scholarly journals VoIP Security: A Performance and Cost-benefit Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi Perigo, Rahil Gandotra, Dewang Gedia, Moiz Hussain, Praniti Gupta, Shirin Bano, Vineet Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Voice Over Ip ◽  
Data Networks ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mixed Networks ◽  
Ipv6 Networks

Voice over IP (VoIP) has become the standard technology for telephony and has replaced the old Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This research focuses on the security aspect of VoIP systems. Unsecured VoIP systems are vulnerable to malicious attacks. However, the overhead of the security techniques hampers the performance of VoIP systems. This research analyzes how a VoIP system performs with different security techniques. The performance of the VoIP system is analyzed on different types of data networks such as IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4/IPv6 mixed networks, and in scenarios such as with and without network traffic. Additionally, the research includes a cost-benefit analysis of the security techniques, to determine their cost effectiveness. Based on the performance analysis and cost-benefit analysis, this research proposes three security techniques that can be applied to VoIP systems deployed on IPv4, IPv6, and IPv4/IPv6 networks.

Informal Education of Energy Conservation

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang-Kun Chen ◽  
Yih-Ruey Juang ◽  
Sheng-Hua Chang ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Energy Education ◽  
School Based ◽  
Different Types

Since there is about seventy percent of population in Taiwan acquiring knowledge of energy conservation through informal education, the non-school based energy education is growing more important. In this paper a brief survey of informal education of energy conservation in Taiwan is conducted. First of all, a variety of instructional scenarios available for informal education are reviewed, including museums, communities, and many others. Secondly, the strategies to promote informal education, such as TV ads, print media advertising, network communication, speaking tour, leaflet distribution, workshop, demonstrations, eco-tour, community colleges, and prize events, are discussed based on cost-benefit analysis. Furthermore, the influence of each strategy on the population’s knowledge of energy conservation is estimated statistically. The effectiveness of different types of informal education is compared based on their economic cost, learning outcome, and acceptance rate. As a conclusion, a suggestion to improve the energy education policy is proposed. This study has been devoted to finding the curriculum theories and strategies applicable in designing curriculum for informal education, and to providing a theoretical basis on which environmental protection education curriculum can be developed.

scholarly journals The Cost-Benefit Fallacy: Why Cost-Benefit Analysis Is Broken and How to Fix It

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Bent Flyvbjerg ◽  
Dirk W. Bester
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Cost Overruns ◽  
Public Investments ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Most cost-benefit analyses assume that the estimates of costs and benefits are more or less accurate and unbiased. But what if, in reality, estimates are highly inaccurate and biased? Then the assumption that cost-benefit analysis is a rational way to improve resource allocation would be a fallacy. Based on the largest dataset of its kind, we test the assumption that cost and benefit estimates of public investments are accurate and unbiased. We find this is not the case with overwhelming statistical significance. We document the extent of cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and forecasting bias in public investments. We further assess whether such inaccuracies seriously distort effective resource allocation, which is found to be the case. We explain our findings in behavioral terms and explore their policy implications. Finally, we conclude that cost-benefit analysis of public investments stands in need of reform and we outline four steps to such reform.

Cybersecurity awareness training programs: a cost–benefit analysis framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuopeng (Justin) Zhang ◽  
Wu He ◽  
Wenzhuo Li ◽  
M'Hammed Abdous
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

PurposeEmployees must receive proper cybersecurity training so that they can recognize the threats to their organizations and take the appropriate actions to reduce cyber risks. However, many cybersecurity awareness training (CSAT) programs fall short due to their misaligned training focuses.Design/methodology/approachTo help organizations develop effective CSAT programs, we have developed a theoretical framework for conducting a cost–benefit analysis of those CSAT programs. We differentiate them into three types of CSAT programs (constant, complementary and compensatory) by their costs and into four types of CSAT programs (negligible, consistent, increasing and diminishing) by their benefits. Also, we investigate the impact of CSAT programs with different costs and the benefits on a company's optimal degree of security.FindingsOur findings indicate that the benefit of a CSAT program with different types of cost plays a disparate role in keeping, upgrading or lowering a company's existing security level. Ideally, a CSAT program should spend more of its expenses on training employees to deal with the security threats at a lower security level and to reduce more losses at a higher security level.Originality/valueOur model serves as a benchmark that will help organizations allocate resources toward the development of successful CSAT programs.

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