Cybersecurity awareness training programs: a cost–benefit analysis framework

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuopeng (Justin) Zhang ◽  
Wu He ◽  
Wenzhuo Li ◽  
M'Hammed Abdous
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
Awareness Training ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

PurposeEmployees must receive proper cybersecurity training so that they can recognize the threats to their organizations and take the appropriate actions to reduce cyber risks. However, many cybersecurity awareness training (CSAT) programs fall short due to their misaligned training focuses.Design/methodology/approachTo help organizations develop effective CSAT programs, we have developed a theoretical framework for conducting a cost–benefit analysis of those CSAT programs. We differentiate them into three types of CSAT programs (constant, complementary and compensatory) by their costs and into four types of CSAT programs (negligible, consistent, increasing and diminishing) by their benefits. Also, we investigate the impact of CSAT programs with different costs and the benefits on a company's optimal degree of security.FindingsOur findings indicate that the benefit of a CSAT program with different types of cost plays a disparate role in keeping, upgrading or lowering a company's existing security level. Ideally, a CSAT program should spend more of its expenses on training employees to deal with the security threats at a lower security level and to reduce more losses at a higher security level.Originality/valueOur model serves as a benchmark that will help organizations allocate resources toward the development of successful CSAT programs.

scholarly journals A cost–benefit analysis framework for preventive health interventions to aid decision-making in Australian governments

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaithri Ananthapavan ◽  
Marj Moodie ◽  
Andrew Milat ◽  
Lennert Veerman ◽  
Elizabeth Whittaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Analysis Framework ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Australian governments are increasingly mandating the use of cost–benefit analysis (CBA) to inform the efficient allocation of government resources. CBA is likely to be useful when evaluating preventive health interventions that are often cross-sectoral in nature and require Cabinet approval prior to implementation. This study outlines a CBA framework for the evaluation of preventive health interventions that balances the need for consistency with other agency guidelines whilst adhering to guidelines and conventions for health economic evaluations. Methods We analysed CBA and other evaluation guidance documents published by Australian federal and New South Wales (NSW) government departments. Data extraction compared the recommendations made by different agencies and the impact on the analysis of preventive health interventions. The framework specifies a reference case and sensitivity analyses based on the following considerations: (1) applied economic evaluation theory; (2) consistency between CBA across different government departments; (3) the ease of moving from a CBA to a more conventional cost-effectiveness/cost-utility analysis framework often used for health interventions; (4) the practicalities of application; and (5) the needs of end users being both Cabinet decision-makers and health policy-makers. Results Nine documents provided CBA or relevant economic evaluation guidance. There were differences in terminology and areas of agreement and disagreement between the guidelines. Disagreement between guidelines involved (1) the community included in the societal perspective; (2) the number of options that should be appraised in ex ante analyses; (3) the appropriate time horizon for interventions with longer economic lives; (4) the theoretical basis and value of the discount rate; (5) parameter values for variables such as the value of a statistical life; and (6) the summary measure for decision-making. Conclusions This paper addresses some of the methodological challenges that have hindered the use of CBA in prevention by outlining a framework that is consistent with treasury department guidelines whilst considering the unique features of prevention policies. The effective use and implementation of a preventive health CBA framework is likely to require considerable investment of time and resources from state and federal government departments of health and treasury but has the potential to improve decision-making related to preventive health policies and programmes.

Application of a Tax to E-Commerce Deliveries in Barcelona

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110124
Author(s):  
Genís Majoral ◽  
Francesc Gasparín ◽  
Sergi Saurí
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Supply Side ◽  
Environmental Tax ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Revenue Collection ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
The Impact

The number of e-commerce transactions is increasing worldwide. Deliveries of goods purchased online generate externalities throughout the whole supply chain and, particularly, the increasing concern about the last-mile distribution of goods. The escalating presence of vans in cities contributes to poor air quality, climate change, noise, and congestion. So far, the majority of solutions to address this issue are based on the supply side, such as electric vans, optimizing the routing and pick-up-points, and so forth. Even in other transport sectors, pricing solutions are well known, yet they have not been extended to e-commerce delivery. This paper aims to propose an environmental tax falling on the demand side and equaling the externalities from this activity. The analysis has been particularized for the case of Barcelona. A cost–benefit analysis to assess the impact of such a tax has been carried out. When revenue collection is reinvested in the logistics sector, and for subsidizing electric distribution vehicles, the results indicate that the levying of the tax can generate positive outcomes.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of rapid diagnostic tests on Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea: a cost–benefit analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e004292
Author(s):  
Jung Ho Kim ◽  
Jiyeon Suh ◽  
Woon Ji Lee ◽  
Heun Choi ◽  
Jong-Dae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundRapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used for diagnosing Plasmodium vivax malaria, especially in resource-limited countries. However, the impact of RDTs on P. vivax malaria incidence and national medical costs has not been evaluated. We assessed the impact of RDT implementation on P. vivax malaria incidence and overall medical expenditures in South Korea and performed a cost–benefit analysis from the payer’s perspective.MethodsWe developed a dynamic compartmental model for P. vivax malaria transmission in South Korea using delay differential equations. Long latency and seasonality were incorporated into the model, which was calibrated to civilian malaria incidences during 2014–2018. We then estimated averted malaria cases and total medical costs from two diagnostic scenarios: microscopy only and both microscopy and RDTs. Medical costs were extracted based on data from a hospital in an at-risk area for P. vivax malaria and were validated using Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service data. We conducted a cost–benefit analysis of RDTs using the incremental benefit:cost ratio (IBCR) considering only medical costs and performed a probabilistic sensitivity analysis to reflect the uncertainties of model parameters, costs and benefits.ResultsThe results showed that 55.3% of new P. vivax malaria cases were averted, and $696 214 in medical costs was saved over 10 years after RDT introduction. The estimated IBCR was 2.5, indicating that RDT implementation was beneficial, compared with microscopy alone. The IBCR was sensitive to the diagnosis time reduction, infectious period and short latency period, and provided beneficial results in a benefit over $10.6 or RDT cost under $39.7.ConclusionsThe model simulation suggested that RDTs could significantly reduce P. vivax malaria incidence and medical costs. Moreover, cost–benefit analysis demonstrated that the introduction of RDTs was beneficial over microscopy alone. These results support the need for widespread adoption of RDTs.

scholarly journals Impacts of Coal Railroad Transportation Project on GDP Promotion and Unemployment Reduction in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 02-24
Author(s):  
PAULUS KURNIAWAN ◽  
KEMBAR SRI BUDHI ◽  
SUYANA UTAMA ◽  
MAHAENDRA YASA
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
Railroad System ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Impact

massive, advanced and integrated railroad system for coal transportation (referred to hereafter as ?Project?) from Muara Enim, Sumatra Selatan Province to the new coal port at Pulau Baai, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia is developed by a private investor together with the local government (PEMDA) of Bengkulu Province to make the best use of abundant coal resources in the region. This paper analyzes the impact of this Project on the Bengkulu economy, which is currently considered low. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is adopted as the economic indicator. The study combines the theories of export base and economic base, economic and regional developments, cost-benefit analysis and economic impact study with the empirical data. The results show the Project?s financial feasibility with Cost-Benefit Ratio of 1.61, Internal Rate of Return of 21.1% and Payback Period of 5 years, which will provide a significant contribution to the Bengkulu GDP growth and a decrease of 821,600 people among the unemployed.

Illustrating the Monetary Impact of Transportation Projects/Alternatives using the Values of Travel Time and Travel Time Reliability

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (51) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata R. Duddu ◽  
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha ◽  
Praveena Penmetsa
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Travel Time Reliability ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
The Impact

State agencies, regional agencies, cities, towns, and local municipalities design and maintain transportation systems for the benefit of users by improving mobility, reducing travel time, and enhancing safety. Cost–benefit analysis based on travel time savings and the value of reliability helps these agencies in prioritizing transportation projects or when evaluating transportation alternatives. This paper illustrates the use of monetary values of travel time savings and travel time reliability, computed for the state of North Carolina, to help assess the impact of transportation projects or alternatives. The results obtained indicate that, based on the illustration of the effect and impact of various transportation projects or alternatives, both improved travel time and reliability on roads yield significant monetary benefits. However, from cost–benefit analysis, it is observed that greater benefits can be achieved through improved reliability compared with benefits from a decrease in travel time for a given section of road.

The social valuation of income: a survey approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 808-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Evans ◽  
Erhun Kula ◽  
Yoko Nagase
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Valuation ◽  
Survey Approach

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate survey-based values of the elasticity of marginal social valuation of income, an important welfare parameter in cost-benefit analysis. Design/methodology/approach – A model relating equity welfare weights to income is developed, and iso-elasticity of marginal valuation of income is tested using survey data obtained from a sample of Turkish politicians who are instrumental in policy making. Findings – Based on the survey feedback, formal statistical testing indicates that Turkish politicians, regardless of party allegiance, reveal preferences consistent with an iso-elastic marginal social valuation of income. The estimated value of the elasticity measure is close to unity for each of the political parties. Originality/value – The originality of the paper is in terms of the survey method used to obtain from Turkish politicians estimates of the marginal social valuation of income. This welfare parameter is needed in the calculation of both social discount rates and welfare weights. The paper will be of interest to academics in the field of welfare economics as well as to practitioners involved in the appraisal of social projects and policies.

ZeNXL express logistics: route optimization

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Amol S Dhaigude ◽  
Soham Ray ◽  
Dhrubojit Konwar
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Route Optimization ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Logistics Management ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Service Offering

Learning outcomes This case has four major learning outcomes using hands-on spreadsheet tool. First is to introduce and apply the Clarke and Wright’s Savings algorithm. Second is to conduct a cost-benefit analysis in transportation set up. Third is to find out the optimal route to be taken to fulfill given demand while satisfying time and capacity constraints. Finally, one has to optimize the number of vehicles required for daily operations. Case overview/synopsis Dhruvam, the protagonist of the case, working at ZeNXL, a third-party logistics service provider, was assigned the task of reducing the operational cost of the company as part of the new service offering called “Route optimization.” This new offering would help optimize vehicle delivery routes to meet daily customer demand. The launch of the new service offering was due in the next 10 days with client LG Electronics to be the first beneficiary. Complexity academic level MBA-1 (Logistics Management), MBA-2 (Route Optimization). This case provides an opportunity for instructors to introduce vehicle routing and scheduling as part of logistics management. Students are expected to use the data given in the case and exhibits to develop the optimal routes (using Clarke and Wright’s Savings algorithm) and conduct cost-benefit analysis. This case also provides insights on the challenges associated with start-up operations. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 9: Operations and Logistics

IoT-based production logistics and supply chain system – Part 2

2018 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengru Tu ◽  
Ming K. Lim ◽  
Ming-Fang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Shop Floor ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Architecture Framework

Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: to present internet of things (IoT)-based cyber-physical system (CPS) architecture framework to facilitate the integration of IoT and CPS; to implement an IoT-based CPS prototype based on the architecture framework for a PL application scenario of in a case study; and to devise evaluation methods and conduct experimental evaluations on an IoT-based CPS prototype. Design/methodology/approach The design research method, case study, emulation experiment method, and cost-benefit analysis are applied in this research. An IoT-based CPS architecture framework is proposed, and followed by the development of prototype system and testbed platform. Then, the emulation and experimental evaluation of IoT-based CPS are conducted on the testbed, and the experimental results are analyzed. Findings The emulation experiment results show that the proposed IoT-based CPS outperforms current barcode-based system regarding labor cost, efficiency, and operational adaptiveness. The evaluation of the IoT-based CPS prototype indicates significant improvements in PL tasks and reduced part inventory under a dynamic changing shop-floor environment. Practical implications The case study shows that the proposed architecture framework and prototype system can be applied to many discrete manufacturing industries, such as automobile, airplane, bicycle, home appliance, and electronics. Originality/value The proposed IoT-based CPS is among the first to address the need to integrate IoT and CPS for PL applications, and to conduct experimental evaluations and cost-benefit analysis of adopting IoT-based CPS for PL. This paper also contributes to the IoT research by using diverse research methods to offer broader insights into understanding IoT and CPS.

Preliminary Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) for Safety Assist Technologies in ASEAN NCAP – Rationalizing the Impact to Road Safety for Malaysia’s Case

2014 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
pp. 596-603
Author(s):  
Zulhaidi Mohd Jawi ◽  
Aqbal Hafeez Ariffin ◽  
Yahaya Ahmad ◽  
Khairil Anwar Abu Kassim ◽  
Norlen Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rating Scheme

The newly established New Car Assessment Program for Southeast Asian Countries (ASEAN NCAP) has incorporated Safety Assist Technologies (SATs) in its automobile safety rating scheme. In order for any assessed car to be eligible for the maximum 5-star rating, it should first be equipped with Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and fitted with seatbelt reminder (SBR). However, since these SATs are not being evaluated in their performance by the means of field testing, this paper explains the benefit of having these SATs through Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) which help to rationalize the importance of SATs in preventing road accidents or mitigating severity of injuries. Due to data limitation, this preliminary CBA assessment will only be focusing on Malaysia’s situation and is based on published sources and the authors’ best estimates. This study also includes the Cost-Benefit Analysis on Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), which is the basis for ESC technology, in preparation for its inclusion in the future rating scheme to expedite the vision of making ABS as standard fit in all ASEAN’s passenger cars. The preliminary result shows that all technologies – ESC, SBR and ABS – appear to be cost-effective (benefit/cost-ratio > 3) or most likely cost effective (1 < benefit/cost-ratio < 3) in Malaysia’s road safety situation per se.

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