scholarly journals Wage-Setting Policies, Employment, and Food Insecurity: A Multilevel Analysis of 492 078 People in 139 Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Reeves ◽  
Rachel Loopstra ◽  
Valerie Tarasuk
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Analysis Center ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Objectives. To examine the association between wage-setting policy and food insecurity.Methods. We estimated multilevel regression models, using data from the Gallup World Poll (2014–2017) and UCLA’s World Policy Analysis Center, to examine the association between wage setting policy and food insecurity across 139 countries (n = 492 078).Results. Compared with countries with little or no minimum wage, the probability of being food insecure was 0.10 lower (95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.18) in countries with collective bargaining. However, these associations varied across employment status. More generous wage-setting policies (e.g., collective bargaining or high minimum wages) were associated with lower food insecurity among full-time workers (and, to some extent, part-time workers) but not those who were unemployed.Conclusions. In countries with generous wage-setting policies, employed adults had a lower risk of food insecurity, but the risk of food insecurity for the unemployed was unchanged. Wage-setting policies may be an important intervention for addressing risks of food insecurity among low-income workers.

scholarly journals Wage-Setting Policies, Employment, and Food Insecurity: A Multilevel Analysis of 492 078 People in 139 Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. e1-e8
Author(s):  
Aaron Reeves ◽  
Rachel Loopstra ◽  
Valerie Tarasuk
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Analysis Center ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Objectives. To examine the association between wage-setting policy and food insecurity. Methods. We estimated multilevel regression models, using data from the Gallup World Poll (2014–2017) and UCLA’s World Policy Analysis Center, to examine the association between wage setting policy and food insecurity across 139 countries (n = 492 078). Results. Compared with countries with little or no minimum wage, the probability of being food insecure was 0.10 lower (95% confidence interval = 0.02, 0.18) in countries with collective bargaining. However, these associations varied across employment status. More generous wage-setting policies (e.g., collective bargaining or high minimum wages) were associated with lower food insecurity among full-time workers (and, to some extent, part-time workers) but not those who were unemployed. Conclusions. In countries with generous wage-setting policies, employed adults had a lower risk of food insecurity, but the risk of food insecurity for the unemployed was unchanged. Wage-setting policies may be an important intervention for addressing risks of food insecurity among low-income workers. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print February 18, 2021: e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306096 )

It is in the Contract: How the Policies Set in Teachers’ Unions’ Collective Bargaining Agreements Vary Across States and Districts

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine O. Strunk ◽  
Joshua M. Cowen ◽  
Dan Goldhaber ◽  
Bradley D. Marianno ◽  
Tara Kilbride ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Student Enrollment ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
District Size ◽  
Teachers Unions ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Research And Policy

We examine more than 1,000 collective bargaining agreements (CBAs) in place across California, Michigan, and Washington. We investigate the prevalence of a set of 43 key provisions between and within these states, providing the first comprehensive comparison of CBA terms using data drawn from economically and demographically different districts, as well as districts that vary considerably by student enrollment. We find that CBAs vary substantially within and across states, and that this variation is more associated with district size than the proportion of low-income students within districts. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research and policy.

Jobs, leisure and traditional pursuits: activities of native males in the Northwest Territories

Polar Record ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (155) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack C. Stabler
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Native People ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
Traditional Sector ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data

abstractActivity patterns of native people in the Northwest Territories include a complex mixture of employment in the modern economy, full-time or part-time engagement in traditional pursuits, and leisure. This study identifies characteristics of participants in each activity which assist in interpreting the allocation of time among employment in the modern economy, the pursuit of traditional activities, and leisure. Three hypotheses—traditionalist, modernist and culturalist — were identified from current literature and tested statistically, using data collected in interviews held with 11,164 NWT residents in 1984. The hypotheses were: (1) engagement in the traditional sector is preferred to holding a job in the modem economy; thus, wage employment primarily facilitates pursuit of traditional activities; (2) engagement in the modern economy is preferred; those unable to work in it turn to traditional activities, which are easier to enter; (3) the traditional sector is an arena in which a cultural heritage can be maintained, a preferred sustenance obtained, or where one can demonstrate his prowess apart from any material gain that might be realized. The data do not unequivocally support any of the hypotheses, but this study suggests an alternative approach to the interpretation of activity patterns, based upon an analysis of individual preference functions.

Are low-to-middle-income households experiencing food insecurity in Victoria, Australia? An examination of the Victorian Population Health Survey, 2006–2009

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Kleve ◽  
Zoe E. Davidson ◽  
Emma Gearon ◽  
Sue Booth ◽  
Claire Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Using Data

Food insecurity affects health and wellbeing. Little is known about the relationship between food insecurity across income levels. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and frequency of food insecurity in low-to-middle-income Victorian households over time and identify factors associated with food insecurity in these households. Prevalence and frequency of food insecurity was analysed across household income levels using data from the cross-sectional 2006–09 Victorian Population Health Surveys (VPHS). Respondents were categorised as food insecure, if in the last 12 months they had run out of food and were unable to afford to buy more. Multivariable logistic regression was used to describe factors associated with food insecurity in low-to-middle-income households (A$40000–$80000 in 2008). Between 4.9 and 5.5% for total survey populations and 3.9–4.8% in low-to-middle-income respondents were food insecure. Food insecurity was associated with limited help from friends, home ownership status, inability to raise money in an emergency and cost of some foods. Food insecurity exists in households beyond those on a very low income. Understanding the extent and implications of household food insecurity across all income groups in Australia will inform effective and appropriate public health responses.

Housing Inheritance and Inequality: A Response to Watt

1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hamnett
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Housing Tenure ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Paul Watt's (1993) response to my article ‘A nation of inheritors?’ (Hamnett, 1991) raises some interesting and worthwhile questions about the class basis of housing inheritance which I would like to address and clarify. To recapitulate briefly, my article attempted to assess the validity of Saunders's (1986, 1990) arguments regarding the importance of home ownership and housing inheritance in the creation of a new consumption cleavage independent of social class. Using data from a survey of beneficiaries I argued that although housing inheritance is distributed across the class spectrum, the incidence of inheritance is far greater amongst home owners, higher social classes and those living in southern Britain (where home ownership is longer established) than it is among council tenants, the lower social classes and those living in the north. I argued that there is nothing inherent in a person's social class, housing tenure or location which makes inheritance more likely. On the contrary, the determinants of housing inheritance are influenced by the social characteristics of dying home owners. Because the structure of inheritance reflects the structure of property ownership a generation ago, current differences in the incidence of inheritance will reflect the class and tenure characteristics of the dying population and their relationship to the class and tenure characteristics of beneficiaries. The incidence of housing inheritance is higher among home owners and those in higher social classes because their parents are more likely to have been home owners. I went on to argue that because home ownership has become much more widely spread across the class spectrum over the last 40 years (Hamnett, 1984), the incidence of housing inheritance in 30–40 years' time is likely to be more widely spread than it is today. Thus, I concluded that whilst Saunders' arguments regarding the distribution of house inheritance are not empirically supported today, they may be more so in 30–40 years' time. I argued, however, that although housing inheritance was likely to be more widespread in future than it is today, the children of tenants were unlikely to inherit. Given the growing social residualisation of the council sector I argued that ‘the less skilled, the low income and the unemployed’ were likely to be excluded from inheritance.

scholarly journals Indicators of Nursing Personnel Supply in Outpatient Medical Care in the Russian Federation during 2010–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-64
Author(s):  
V. A. Evdakov ◽  
Yu. Yu. Melnikov ◽  
A. V. Smyshlyaev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Outpatient Care ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Nursing Personnel ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Medical Organization ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Using Data

Aim. Analysis of the basic indicators of nursing personnel supply of the population and medical organisations providing outpatient care in the public health sector in the Russian Federation over the course of 2010–2018.Materials and methods. The study was conducted using data from the Federal Statistical Observation Form No. 30 “Medical Organization Information” for 2010–2018. Descriptive statistics and comparative analysis were used to assess the country-wide 2010–2018 dynamics of the indicators of nursing personnel supply of the population and medical centres providing outpatient care, including supply with full-time and employed positions, full-time staffing, the ratio of part-time employment, the number and shortage of healthcare workers.Results. For the period 2010–2018, the number of nursing personnel in medical units providing outpatient care increased by 2726 people (an increase of 0.5%), from 542,998 to 545,724. At the same time, the population supply with nursing personnel in outpatient medical units decreased from 38.0 to 37.2 per 10,000 population (a decrease by 2.1%), and staffing of full-time healthcare workers in this category decreased by 6.5%, from 94.2 to 87.7%.Conclusions. The study demonstrates a remarkable shortage of paramedics in outpatient health care (exceeding 200,000 people per annum) over the entire observation period of 2010–2018.

scholarly journals Great Minds Think Alike, Fools Seldom Differ: An Empirical Analysis of Opportunity Assessment in Technology Entrepreneurs

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Patrick Barry ◽  
Kathryn Cormican ◽  
Sean Browne
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data

This study extends the literature on self-employment and entrepreneurship by offering empirical insights into the factors that influence technology entrepreneurs at the early stages of the new venture creation process. Specifically, this research focuses on how technology entrepreneurs assess opportunities at the start of the process. Using data from technology entrepreneurs in Ireland, we analyze differences between part-time entrepreneurs and full-time entrepreneurs and discover that not all entrepreneurs attach importance to activities that were previously considered fundamental. While we confirm that opportunity cost, market assessment, and financial analysis are critical and ever-present, we argue that aspiring technology entrepreneurs must be cognizant that when employment-related costs are included as a dimension of opportunity costs, the level and importance of opportunity costs rise for both part-time and full-time entrepreneurs. We also find that whether nascent entrepreneurs work full-time or part-time on the new venture has an impact on which activities are completed and at what point of the process they are completed. For example, we show that part-time entrepreneurs identify markets earlier than full-time entrepreneurs whereas the opposite is true when it comes to financial data preparation. We argue that a greater understanding of these issues will help technology entrepreneurs to make informed decisions. As a result, our findings may influence an aspiring entrepreneur’s decision to start a new venture. They also have ramifications for investors and support services. Consequently, we discuss theoretical contributions, practical ramifications, and future research possibilities.

Part-time employment, the gender wage gap and the role of wage-setting institutions: Evidence from 11 European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Matteazzi ◽  
Ariane Pailhé ◽  
Anne Solaz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Part Time

We examine how far the over-representation of women in part-time jobs can explain the gender gap in hourly earnings, and also investigate how far wage-setting institutions are correlated with the overall gender wage gap and the female part-time wage gap. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2009 data for 11 European countries, we implement a double decomposition of the gender wage gap: between men and women employed full-time and between full-time and part-time working women. This shows that the wage penalty of women employed part-time occurs mainly through the segregation of part-time jobs, but the full-time gender pay gap remains mostly unexplained. At the macro level, the gender wage gap tends to be higher in countries where part-time employment is more widespread. Some wage-setting institutions seem to reduce the female full-time/part-time pay gap and the gender gap among full-time workers.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia: 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment ◽  
Part Time Work

In this article we present data on earnings and hours in 2010 and, using data over a longer time frame, show how the character of the Australian labour market has significantly changed in recent decades. Among other things, we demonstrate a continued shift towards part-time work and, across full-time and part-time labour markets, a change in the distribution of jobs towards more highly skilled occupations. We continue to argue that traditional indicators of labour-market activity, such as headline unemployment and earnings in full-time employment, are only able to partially explain the health of the labour market. There is an urgent need to better understand other dimensions such as underemployment, part-time employment and part-time earnings.

Does Health Reform Lead to an Increase in Early Retirement? Evidence from Massachusetts

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 704-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley T. Heim ◽  
LeeKai Lin
Keyword(s):  
Health Reform ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Part Time Work

This article estimates the impact of the 2006 Massachusetts health reform on the decision of individuals to retire early. Using data from the American Community Survey that spans 2004 through 2012, the authors estimate difference-in-differences models for retirement using individuals from other northeastern states as the control group. The estimates suggest that the reform led women to increase early retirement from full-time work by 1.1 percentage points (from a base of 4.8%) and to increase part-time work by 1.1 percentage points (from a base of 30%). Though no significant effects were found for men overall, the estimates imply that the reform led to an increase in retirement and part-time work among lower-income men.

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