scholarly journals Evidence for that the origins of Shang Dynasty’s Oracle-bone Inscriptions could Ascend to Proto-Cuneiform

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Yufeng
Keyword(s):  
Writing System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basic Symbol

Abstract: It is deference to other ancient scripts that oracle-bone inscriptions suddenly appeared in prehistorical China without any predecessors. How oralce-bone inscriptions had been created? and who created it? Those questions have been debated more than one hundred years. Proto-cuneiform is the earliest form of the cuneiform script, the earliest writing system attested in history. It emerged towards the end of the fourth millennium B.C. in ancient a region of Mesopotamia of West Asia. By comparing Sumerian proto-cuineform vs oracle-bone inscription, there are some common basic symbols could be found in both inscriptions. Those symbols had same or derivative meaning in both side. There are a lot of such symbols have been found in both side, they existed in both side simultaneously. It are sufficient and logically. Those evidences indicate that oracle-bone inscription could ascend to proto-cuineform and oracle-bone inscription did not origin in China . At same time the common basic symbol of both inscription could be used to re-explanation of the oracle-bone and help to understand the its real means.

About the Academic Description of Russian Spelling. (To Spelling Rule Theory)

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
E. V. Beshenkova ◽  
O. E. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Writing System ◽  
Historical Changes ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
Specific Rule ◽  
Spelling Rule ◽  
The Common ◽  
Developing System

The article is devoted to the concept of a rule as a tool of scientific and orthological description. A rule is a conventional kind of scientific interpretation in any writing system, such as the description of morphological types in morphology or syntactic models in syntax. In this regard, rules must comply with the requirements for tools of scientific and orthological description. A rule as a tool for scientific description should be internally consistent and not contradict other rules, clearly define the described range of phenomena, cover all cases, clearly distinguish between the scope of the rule and the scope of the dictionary, be terminologically correct. As an orthological tool, a rule should not only correspond to the modern norm, but also determine the vector for future codifications. As a modern orthological tool, a rule should be accompanied by a commentary. The purpose of this commentary is to show the reader the scientific and methodological validity of both a general approach to describing the problems of different sections of the spelling, and each specific rule, to present a range of different interpretations of a particular spelling and justify the proposed one. The proposed description is based on the authors’ theoretical views on writing as a self-developing system and on the role of codifiers as a subjective factor in the development of this system. The conclusions are based on studies of historical changes in each spelling rule and writing in general, as well as modern fluctuations observed in spelling practice and directions for their elimination. This article reveals the authors’ approach to creating a commented set of rules for Russian spelling – a complete, consistent, scientific description of writing in the common form of rules that meets modern standards.

Aplikasi Braille dalam Penulisan Al-Qur’an Kajian atas Mushaf Standar Braille Indonesia

SUHUF ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-34
Author(s):  
Ahmad Jaeni
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
The Common

This article will examine the applicationof Braille in the writing of the Qur'an, especially those being applied in the Mushaf of Braille Standard. The Mushaf of Braille Standard is an edition which is specifically designed for the visually impaired Indonesian Muslims. This study aims at determining of how the Braille as writing system is applied in the writing of the Qur'an which is actually written in the words and Arabic language. The  results  of this study  are expected to reveal the common characteristics in the application of the Braille in Mushaf of Braille Standard.

scholarly journals ATLANTIS IN SPAIN III

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
S.P Papamarinopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Full Moon ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
First Time

Plato three times in his text mentioned that the Atlantean events occurred 9000 years before Solon’s 6th century B.C. but once he also mentioned 8000 years for the same events. Taking into account the number of the Athenian Kings and the mean span of their successive generations which is more or less 30 years who governed Athens before the 12th century B.C., it is concluded that all of them together span a 350 year period which of course has nothing to do with the 10th millennium claimed by Plato. These Kings together with Theseus the first King of Athens correspond in the 2ed millennium B.C. The archaeological findings in the Acropolis mentioned by Plato, the collapse of the Achaean World, the loss of the writing system in Greece, the assault of the Atlantes have been proved to be of the 12th century B.C. The ancient sources and the archaeological findings in Egypt show a lunar calendrical system practised by the priests who transmitted the story of Atlantis to Solon in the 6th century B.C. Dividing therefore these thousands of years by 12.37 which is the number of the full moon in a year the platonic dates are landing in the end of the 13th to the beginning of the 12th century B.C. Considering the visibility from Atlantis of the celestial bears which are implied as general North indicators Plato himself invalidated the 10th millennium B.C., as the period of the Atlantean events, since no celestial bears can play such a role as celestial North’s constellation because the Earth’s axis of rotation does not pass through them. This conclusion forces a different interpretation in Plato’s thousands of years for the Atlantean events. The only logical explanation is that the thousands of years is moon months understood as years. Plato used the word island for Atlantis which is associated with events belonging in the late Bronze Age in which the word island had the meaning of either promontory or peninsula. The resolution of this major issue removed entirely the 2400 year misunderstanding between the word island and peninsula since Herodotus in the 5th century B.C. added the word peninsula for first time offering to the island today’s exclusive meaning. In other words Atlantis was as much an island as Peloponnesus was which an island was never. He also used with the common word Atlantis three different geological entities: a giant island, a horseshow basin and a system of concentric rings associated with geothermal springs and with black, white and red rocks.

The Origins of Writing in the Near East

Antiquity ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 40 (157) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Pope
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Near East ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Common Ancestry ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Close Resemblance ◽  
The Common

On the periphery of the cuneiform using area there was in use in the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. a number of non-cuneiform scripts of apparently independent character and purely regional use (see map, FIG. I). My purpose in this article is to speculate on the possibility of their common origin. I shall not apologize for this as I believe hypothesis-making to be a useful occupation, but I must in fairness warn the reader that not only am I myself an outsider since my special interest concerns only one of the writing systems I shall be discussing (the Aegean), but so is the horse I am going to back. Diffusionism is out of favour, and despite a recent series of articles by Brice [I] pointing out the similarities between the Cretan and proto-Elamite accounting tablets, the odds currently offered are decidedly against my choice.* But I think the bookmakers are wrong, and my purpose in this article is to say why.First I must explain that my fancy has not been taken by external markings. These are unreliable. The number of simple linear designs is limited, and it is nowadays generally agreed that a small proportion of apparent identities between the signs of different scripts can tell us nothing. The descent of our alphabet from Phoenician is not proved by the close resemblance of our capital i to their zed, nor is the common form of the Russian cursive d to our cursive g any argument for the common ancestry of our two scripts. Conversely the different appearances of, say Armenian printing, Pompeian graffiti, and Gothic handwriting are no disproof of cousinhood. The only observations from the outward look of scripts that can usefully be made are those that have reference to the structure of the writing system as a whole.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

Renilla Bioluminescence: A Morphologic Approach to the Location of Photocytes

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Ben O. Spurlock ◽  
Milton J. Cormier
Keyword(s):  
Excited State ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Light Emission ◽  
Chemical Basis ◽  
Electronic Excited State ◽  
Colonial Form ◽  
The Common ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Catalyzed Oxidation

The phenomenon of bioluminescence has fascinated layman and scientist alike for many centuries. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries a number of observations were reported on the physiology of bioluminescence in Renilla, the common sea pansy. More recently biochemists have directed their attention to the molecular basis of luminosity in this colonial form. These studies have centered primarily on defining the chemical basis for bioluminescence and its control. It is now established that bioluminescence in Renilla arises due to the luciferase-catalyzed oxidation of luciferin. This results in the creation of a product (oxyluciferin) in an electronic excited state. The transition of oxyluciferin from its excited state to the ground state leads to light emission.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

Correlation analysis of radiation damage

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
R. Hegerl ◽  
A. Feltynowski ◽  
B. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Independent Random Variables ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Expectation Value ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Image Element ◽  
Stochastic Series ◽  
The Common

Till now correlation functions have been used in electron microscopy for two purposes: a) to find the common origin of two micrographs representing the same object, b) to check the optical parameters e. g. the focus. There is a third possibility of application, if all optical parameters are constant during a series of exposures. In this case all differences between the micrographs can only be caused by different noise distributions and by modifications of the object induced by radiation.Because of the electron noise, a discrete bright field image can be considered as a stochastic series Pm,where i denotes the number of the image and m (m = 1,.., M) the image element. Assuming a stable object, the expectation value of Pm would be Ηm for all images. The electron noise can be introduced by addition of stationary, mutual independent random variables nm with zero expectation and the variance. It is possible to treat the modifications of the object as a noise, too.

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