The State of the Art of Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Mothers in Developing Countries

10.31219/osf.io/j37tx ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Linda Uloma Nwaodu

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Working Mothers ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Infant Food ◽

Key Factors ◽

High Level

According to the WHO, the global standard for infant nutrition is exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). However, the level of EBF has been identified to remain low in developing countries. This is quite ironical as one could expect that breastfeeding mothers in developing countries will find EBF attractive as a better alternative to infant food considering the high level of food insecurity in the region. Adopting a qualitative approach, this paper dived into the literature and identified key factors which act as impediments to EBF among working mothers in this region - insufficient breastfeeding breaks in the workplace, lack of breastfeeding spaces and short maternity leaves, birth by caesarean section, poor lactation, poor maternal health, and poor spousal and societal support.

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The State of the Art of Barriers to Exclusive Breastfeeding among Working Mothers in Developing Countries

Journal of Social and Political Sciences ◽

10.31014/aior.1991.04.01.246 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Linda Uloma Nwaodu ◽

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Caesarean Section ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Working Mothers ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Infant Food ◽

Key Factors ◽

High Level

According to the WHO, the global standard for infant nutrition is exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). However, the level of EBF has been identified to remain low in developing countries. This is quite ironical as one could expect that breastfeeding mothers in developing countries will find EBF attractive as a better alternative to infant food considering the high level of food insecurity in the region. Adopting a qualitative approach, this paper dived into the literature and identified key factors which act as impediments to EBF among working mothers in this region - insufficient breastfeeding breaks in the workplace, lack of breastfeeding spaces and short maternity leaves, birth by caesarean section, poor lactation, poor maternal health, and poor spousal and societal support.

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OPTIMIZATION OF DISPERSANT APPLICATION, ESPECIALLY BY SHIP

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-337 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1989 (1) ◽

pp. 337-342

Author(s):

François Merlin ◽

Christian Bocard ◽

Gilles Castaing

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Laboratory Tests ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Key Factors ◽

Treatment Procedure ◽

Low Efficiency ◽

High Level ◽

Meso Scale ◽

Oil Thickness

ABSTRACT A lot of information has been made available for 10 years on the use of dispersants through offshore and meso-scale trials. A state-of-the-art review shows that among the key factors that have been identified, the contact between dispersant and oil is of utmost importance. A better knowledge of this parameter should be taken into account in defining operational procedures, especially when applying dispersants by ship, which is considered to be complementary to aerial spraying. Upon request of the French Navy, a series of meso-scale trials was carried out off Brittany in June 1987, according to the methodology previously used in 1984. Three dispersants were sprayed from a boat. It was concluded that a high level of energy at the sea surface mitigates discrepancies in dispersants’ efficiencies as measured in laboratory tests. Better results were obtained in the case of relatively thick oil slicks. The low efficiency that was measured when treating downwind was attributed to the already-observed herding effect. These complementary results reinforce the actions that have been recently developed to optimize dispersant application by ship:Shipboard equipment for neat dispersant spraying is described. Its main feature is an original nozzle assembly that allows the dispersant to be applied effectively onto the oil at a flow rate that can be widely and very quickly changed according to the estimated oil thickness.An operational treatment procedure is discussed, showing how to map, mark out, prospect and treat oil slicks according to the slick shape, estimated oil thickness, and wind direction.

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Six months of exclusive breastfeeding recommendation: How applicable is the universal exclusive breastfeeding recommendation policy?

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.64.12765 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (64) ◽

pp. 9071-9084

Author(s):

EL Ssemukasa ◽

◽

J Kearney ◽

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Developed Countries ◽

World Health ◽

Breastfeeding Duration ◽

Reverse Causality ◽

Complementary Foods ◽

The World

Public health organisations, including the World Health Organisation recommend 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding for optimal growth, cognitive development and health . In addition, the provision of nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods to the infants while breastfeeding continues up until 2 years of age and beyond is also recommended . Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life meets the energy and nutrient needs of the infants. The objective of this review therefore, is to assess the appropriateness of a universal 6 months exclusive breastfeeding recommendation policy in both developed and developing countries. In the last years, recommendations for the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding promoted by WHO and UNICEF started to differ. The World Health Organization had recommended exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months, with the introduction of complementary foods thereafter, whereas UNICEF preferred the wording “for about 6 months”. This led to concerns in larger infant nutrition and public health communities. The American Academy of Pediatrics’ position was also unclear: In two different sections of their Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, recommending human milk “as the exclusive nutrient source for babies during the first 6 months” and “the delayed introduction of solid foods until 4 to 6 months”. Until recently, the only scientific evidence that contributed to the exclusive breastfeeding duration debate was based on observational studies, with well -recognized sources of potential bias. Reverse causality was another potential source of bias, particularly with respect to infectious morbidity and neuro- motor development. Infants who developed a clinically important infection were likely to become anorectic and experienced reduced breast milk intake that led to reduction in milk production and even termination of breastfeeding. The lack of functional and effective food safety standards and policies, safe drinking water, exclusive breastfeeding promoting programs, high infection rates and the broken healthcare systems in the developing countries unlike in the developed countries, are key areas that need further research before the 6 months recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding can be reduced and/or changed to 4 months, to avoid child morbidity and mortality. It is also important that the 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding are promoted in all developing countries and 4- 6 months in all developed countries.

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Health Informatics Education in the Third World

Methods of Information in Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636790 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 28 (04) ◽

pp. 270-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

O. Rienhoff

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Health Informatics ◽

Third World ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Collaboration Network ◽

Educational Tools ◽

The Third ◽

The Third World

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.

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Analisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Melalui Inkuiri Terbimbing Pada Materi Kegiatan Ekonomi Mahasiswa Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar

Caruban: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar ◽

10.33603/.v1i2.2506 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Iis Yeni Sugiarti

Keyword(s):

Swot Analysis ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Guided Inquiry ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Economic Activities ◽

External Analysis ◽

High Level ◽

Center Area ◽

Trade Competition

Abstrak. Desa Trusmi merupakan sentra batik sekaligus kuliner di Kabupaten Cirebon. Banyaknya pemegang usaha di bidang produksi batik mengakibatkan persaingan dagang diwilayah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) Â di salah satu usaha batik milik H. Edi Baredi atau sering dikenal dengan EB Batik Tradisional melalui inkuri terbimbing. Analisis meliputi profil usaha, aspek produksi, aspek tenaga kerja, aspek pemasaran dan aspek keuangan. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskripstif analisis. Berdasarkan analisis internal dan eksternal analisis SWOT, strategi yangÂ dilakukan oleh EB Batik Tradisional yaitu menghindari kehilangan penjualan dan profit yang disebabkan banyaknya persaingan dagang di kawasan sentra batik Trusmi dengan munculnya inovasi baru. Penguatan karakter pada produksi batiknya dapat mengatasi pesaingan dagang dan menambah daya tarik pembeli.Â Kata Kunci: SWOT, Inkuiri Terbimbing, dan Kegiatan EkonomiÂ Abstract. Trusmi village is a center of batik as well as culinary in Cirebon Regency. A large number of business holders in the field of batik production has resulted in trade competition in the region. This study aims to analyze SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, Threats) in one of the batik business owned by H. Edi Baredi or often known as EB Traditional Batik through guided injury. The analysis includes the business profile, production aspects, labor aspects, marketing aspects, and financial aspects. This type of research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis method. Based on internal and external analysis of the SWOT analysis, the strategy carried out by EB Traditional Batik is to avoid losing sales and profits due to the high level of trade competition in the Trusmi batik center area with the emergence of innovations. Strengthening the character of batik production can overcome trade competition and increase the attractiveness of buyers.Â Keywords: SWOT, Guided Inquiry, and Economic Activities

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Efficient End-to-End Sentence-Level Lipreading with Temporal Convolutional Networks

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11156975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 6975

Author(s):

Tao Zhang ◽

Lun He ◽

Xudong Li ◽

Guoqing Feng

Keyword(s):

Performance Improvement ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Error Rates ◽

Convolutional Network ◽

Convolutional Networks ◽

Sentence Level ◽

End To End ◽

High Level ◽

Improved Accuracy ◽

Talking Face

Lipreading aims to recognize sentences being spoken by a talking face. In recent years, the lipreading method has achieved a high level of accuracy on large datasets and made breakthrough progress. However, lipreading is still far from being solved, and existing methods tend to have high error rates on the wild data and have the defects of disappearing training gradient and slow convergence. To overcome these problems, we proposed an efficient end-to-end sentence-level lipreading model, using an encoder based on a 3D convolutional network, ResNet50, Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), and a CTC objective function as the decoder. More importantly, the proposed architecture incorporates TCN as a feature learner to decode feature. It can partly eliminate the defects of RNN (LSTM, GRU) gradient disappearance and insufficient performance, and this yields notable performance improvement as well as faster convergence. Experiments show that the training and convergence speed are 50% faster than the state-of-the-art method, and improved accuracy by 2.4% on the GRID dataset.

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Caged-electron States and Split-electron States in Endohedral Alkali C60

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics ◽

10.1039/d1cp01341f ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

yifan yang ◽

Lorenz S Cederbaum

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Electronic States ◽

Electron States ◽

The Common ◽

High Level

The low-lying electronic states of neutral X@C60(X=Li, Na, K, Rb) have been computed and analyzed by employing state-of-the-art high level many-electron methods. Apart from the common charge-separated states, well known...

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The Rotavirus Vaccine Landscape, an Update

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10050520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 520

Author(s):

Roberto Cárcamo-Calvo ◽

Carlos Muñoz ◽

Javier Buesa ◽

Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz ◽

Roberto Gozalbo-Rovira

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Low Income ◽

State Of The Art ◽

The State ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Rotavirus Vaccine ◽

Oral Vaccines

Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe acute childhood gastroenteritis, responsible for more than 128,500 deaths per year, mainly in low-income countries. Although the mortality rate has dropped significantly since the introduction of the first vaccines around 2006, an estimated 83,158 deaths are still preventable. The two main vaccines currently deployed, Rotarix and RotaTeq, both live oral vaccines, have been shown to be less effective in developing countries. In addition, they have been associated with a slight risk of intussusception, and the need for cold chain maintenance limits the accessibility of these vaccines to certain areas, leaving 65% of children worldwide unvaccinated and therefore unprotected. Against this backdrop, here we review the main vaccines under development and the state of the art on potential alternatives.

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