scholarly journals A new perspective from time use research on the effects of lockdown on COVID-19 behavioral infection risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gershuny ◽  
Oriel Sullivan ◽  
Almudena Sevilla ◽  
Marga Vega-Rapun ◽  
Francesca Foliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Time Use Research ◽  
Activity Location

We present findings from the first two waves of an innovative, population-representative, UK time-use diary survey conducted both pre- and mid-lockdown, using an online diary instrument that proved both reliable and quick-to-field. Combining diary information on activity, location, and co-presence to estimate infection risks associated with daily behavior, we show clear changes in such behavior related to infection risk between the pre and mid-lockdown periods: a substantial reduction of time spent in those behaviors with the highest levels of risk, accompanied by an equivalent increase in low-risk behavior. Because, in general, a populations’ time use changes relatively slowly, the behavioral changes revealed may be interpreted directly as a consequence of the UK COVID-19 ‘lockdown’ regulations. Subsequent waves will reveal the behavioral consequences of future changes in regulation

scholarly journals A new perspective from time use research on the effects of social restrictions on COVID-19 behavioral infection risk

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245551
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gershuny ◽  
Oriel Sullivan ◽  
Almudena Sevilla ◽  
Marga Vega-Rapun ◽  
Francesca Foliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Changes In Risk ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Time Use Research ◽  
Activity Location

We present findings from three waves of a population-representative, UK time-use diary survey conducted both pre- and in real time during full ‘lockdown’, and again following the easing of social restrictions. We used an innovative online diary instrument that has proved both reliable and quick-to-field. Combining diary information on activity, location, and co-presence to estimate infection risks associated with daily behavior, we show clear changes in risk-associated behavior between the pre, full-lockdown and post full-lockdown periods. We document a shift from more to less risky daily behavior patterns (combinations of activity/location/co-presence categories) between the pre-pandemic pattern and full lockdown in May/June 2020, followed by a reversion (although not a complete reversal) of those patterns in August 2020 following the end of the first lockdown. Because, in general, a populations’ time use changes relatively slowly, the behavioral changes revealed may be interpreted as a consequence of the UK COVID-19 lockdown social restrictions and their subsequent relaxation.

scholarly journals A New Perspective from Time Use Research on the Effects of Lockdown on Covid-19 Behavioral Infection Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gershuny ◽  
Oriel Sullivan ◽  
Almudena Sevilla ◽  
Marga Vega-Rapun ◽  
Francesca Foliano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Time Use Research

scholarly journals Family Time Together. Chapter 7. What We Really Do All Day: Insights from the Centre for Time Use Research.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Vagni
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Personal Computers ◽  
Family Time ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Time Use Research

In this chapter, I explore how time together with the partner and the children has changed between 2000 and 2015 in the UK; the period just before and just after the technological revolution involving personal computers and other devices. I show that there has been a decline in family time. More precisely, there was a decline in ‘engaged’ family time (where both partners report being together with their children), although not in overall family time if one includes all combinations of partners, parents and children. This suggests that the technological revolution of personal computers and devices has perhaps reconfigured family time, but not led to an overall decline in the total time spend with our children and our partner. I show that the decline in family time is primarily due to the fact that families spend less time doing domestic chores together, and watch less TV together. I discuss the implications of this decline in family time.

scholarly journals Using time-use diaries to track changing behavior across successive stages of COVID-19 social restrictions

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (35) ◽  
pp. e2101724118
Author(s):  
Oriel Sullivan ◽  
Jonathan Gershuny ◽  
Almudena Sevilla ◽  
Francesca Foliano ◽  
Margarita Vega-Rapun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Work Time ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Daily Behavior ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

How did people change their behavior over the different phases of the UK COVID-19 restrictions, and how did these changes affect their risk of being exposed to infection? Time-use diary surveys are unique in providing a complete chronicle of daily behavior: 24-h continuous records of the populations’ activities, their social context, and their location. We present results from four such surveys, collected in real time from representative UK samples, both before and at three points over the course of the current pandemic. Comparing across the four waves, we find evidence of substantial changes in the UK population’s behavior relating to activities, locations, and social context. We assign different levels of risk to combinations of activities, locations, and copresence to compare risk-related behavior across successive “lockdowns.” We find evidence that during the second lockdown (November 2020), there was an increase in high-risk behaviors relative to the first (starting March 2020). This increase is shown to be associated with more paid work time in the workplace. At a time when capacity is still limited both in respect of immunization and track–trace technology, governments must continue to rely on changes in people’s daily behaviors to contain the spread of COVID-19 and similar viruses. Time-use diary information of this type, collected in real time across the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, can provide policy makers with information to assess and quantify changes in daily behaviors and the impact they are likely to have on overall behavioral-associated risks.

scholarly journals Advancing Health-Related Cluster Analysis Methodology: Quantification of Pairwise Activity Cluster Similarities

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-401
Author(s):  
Katia Ferrar ◽  
Carol Maher ◽  
John Petkov ◽  
Tim Olds
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Vector Length ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Activity Cluster ◽  
Time Use Research

Background:To date, most health-related time-use research has investigated behaviors in isolation; more recently, however, researchers have begun to conceptualize behaviors in the form of multidimensional patterns or clusters.Methods:The study employed 2 techniques: radar graphs and centroid vector length, angles and distance to quantify pairwise time-use cluster similarities among adolescents living in Australia (N = 1853) and in New Zealand (N = 679).Results:Based on radar graph shape, 2 pairs of clusters were similar for both boys and girls. Using vector angles (VA), vector length (VL) and centroid distances (CD), 1 pair for each sex was considered most similar (boys: VA = 63°, VL = 44 and 50 units, and CD = 48 units; girls: VA = 23°, VL = 65 and 85 units, and CD = 36 units). Both methods employed to determine similarity had strengths and weaknesses. Conclusions: The description and quantification of cluster similarity is an important step in the research process. An ability to track and compare clusters may provide greater understanding of complex multidimensional relationships, and in relation to health behavior clusters, present opportunities to monitor and to intervene.

scholarly journals The Impact of House Prices on Consumption in the UK: a New Perspective

Economica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (337) ◽  
pp. 92-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Burrows
Keyword(s):  
House Prices ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Assessing the Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease in Real-World Settings in Three European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 749-759
Author(s):  
Albert Lladó ◽  
Lutz Froelich ◽  
Rezaul K. Khandker ◽  
Montserrat Roset ◽  
Christopher M. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Study Inclusion

Background: There exists considerable variation in disease progression rates among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Objective: The primary objective of this observational study is to assess the progression of AD by characterizing cognitive, functional, and behavioral changes during the follow-up period between 6 and 24 months. Methods: A longitudinal prospective study with community-dwelling patients with an established clinical diagnosis of AD of mild to moderate severity was conducted in Germany, Spain and the UK. A sample of 616 patients from 69 sites was included. Results: Patients had a mean of 1.9 years (SD = 1.9) since AD diagnosis at study inclusion. Cognitive symptoms were reported to have first occurred a mean of 1.1 years (SD = 1.7) prior to AD diagnosis and 1.4 (SD = 1.8) years prior to AD treatment. Patients initially diagnosed with mild and moderate AD spent a median (95%CI) of 3.7 (2.8; 4.4) and 11.1 (6.1, ‘not reached’) years until progression to moderate and severe AD, respectively, according to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. A mixed model developed for cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric scores, obtained from study patients at baseline and during follow-up period, showed progressive deterioration of AD patients over time. Conclusion: The study showed a deterioration of cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric functions during the follow-up period. Cognitive deterioration was slightly faster in patients with moderate AD compared to mild AD. The duration of moderate AD can be overestimated due to the use of retrospective data, lack of availability of MMSE scores in clinical charts and exclusion of patients at time of institutionalization.

Parasitic control at housing in cattle: a modern rationale

Livestock ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
Jennifer Allan
Keyword(s):  
Infection Risk ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Grazing Season ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Disease Complexes

Anthelmintic treatment at housing remains the cornerstone of common nematode and trematode management in the UK, taking advantage of the low re-infection risk once away from pasture. Treatment removes any endoparasite burdens acquired during the grazing season and reduces effects on productivity through the winter, as well as levels of larvae and eggs shed onto the pasture at spring turnout. This article covers the four most common parasitic disease complexes encountered in the UK that benefit from treatment at housing.

Free Time as a Resource

Free Time ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie L. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Free Time ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Egalitarian Justice ◽  
Time Use Research

This chapter argues that free time—defined as the time not committed to meeting one's own or one's dependents' basic needs—is a resource to which citizens could plausibly have claims in a public and feasible liberal egalitarian justice. To develop the idea of free time as a resource, the chapter begins with the recognition that time itself is a resource. It then discusses three ways, drawn from time-use research, of defining free time: as time not engaged in typically necessary activities, as time not engaged in subjectively necessary activities, and as time not engaged in objectively necessary activities. It also considers how a formulation of free time might address issues of individual responsibility and asserts that the typically necessary and subjectively necessary definitions of free time are not appropriately understood as resources in the relevant sense. The chapter concludes by proposing a particular objective definition of free time.

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