Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status

Negative Effects ◽

Partnership Status ◽

BACKGROUNDThe negative health effects of unemployment are significant, and the potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public health challenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behavior change and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mental health benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This study examines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies by unemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise, especially social exercise, provides health benefits.METHODSGender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimated using data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American Time Use Surveys to test how own and partner employment status are associated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with a partner, and with others.RESULTSUnemployed and OOLF men spend more time in exercise alone and with others compared to employed men. Unemployed women spend more time in exercise with others, and OOLF women in all types of social exercise, compared to employed women.CONCLUSIONSUnemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more social exercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties and improve health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negative health consequences of unemployment.

Social and Solitary Exercise among the Unemployed and Out of the Labor Force in the United States: Estimates by Gender and Partnership Status

10.35831/sor.pubh/070719mgc ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Margaret Gough Courtney

Keyword(s):

Labor Force ◽

Time Use ◽

Social Ties ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Health Behavior Change ◽

The United States ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Negative Effects ◽

American Time Use Survey

Abstract Introduction: The negative effects of unemployment are significant, and the potential for increased morbidity and mortality is a major public health challenge. Negative effects may be partially attributable to health behavior change and loss of social ties. Exercise has positive physical and mental health benefits and could help buffer such negative effects. This study examines whether time in social and solitary exercise varies by unemployment and out of the labor force (OOLF) status because exercise, especially social exercise, provides health benefits. Methods: Gender-stratified ordinary least squares models are estimated using data from the nationally representative 2003-2016 American Time Use Surveys to test how own and partner employment status are associated with total time in exercise, exercise alone, with children, with a partner, and with others. Results: Unemployed and OOLF men spend significantly more time in exercise alone (3-9 minutes, p<.05) and with others (about 13 minutes, p<.001) compared to employed men. Unemployed women spend significantly more time in exercise with others (6 minutes, p<.05), and OOLF women in all types of social exercise (1-9 minutes, p<.05), compared to employed women. Conclusions: Unemployed and OOLF individuals engage in more social exercise, which could be leveraged to help buffer loss of social ties and improve health. Exercise-related interventions may help reduce negative health consequences of unemployment. Keywords: physical activity, employment, American Time Use Survey

Policy Series: The Impact of Ageism on Health and Efforts to Address It Through Reframing Aging

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2556 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 722-722

Author(s):

Erica Solway

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Healthy Aging ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Research Education ◽

National Poll ◽

Using Data ◽

The Impact

Abstract Ageism can manifest in a variety of ways including in institutional policies and practices, interpersonal interactions, older adults’ internalization of ageist stereotypes, and through the media. While major incidents of age-based discrimination and their negative effects on health are more recognized, older adults also experience less momentous, but still harmful ageism in their day-to-day lives. These types of everyday ageism are also harmful to health. This symposium will highlight recent research from the University of Michigan National Poll on Healthy Aging on self-reported experiences of everyday ageism among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults age50-80 and its connections to physical and mental health outcomes. Next, another researcher also using data from the National Poll on Healthy Aging will explore the prevalence of positive attributes of aging, its relationships to health, and ways in which it may buffer older adults from the adverse health consequences of ageism. Then speakers will highlight the Reframing Aging initiative and the ways in which GSA and other organizations are leading a national effort to address ageism through education and dissemination of research-based resources. This session will feature research, education, and advocacy efforts and will focus on the policy implications of efforts to better understand the prevalence of and strategies to counter the effects of ageism.

A Behavioral-Analytic Model for Assessing Stress in Firefighters

Behavior Modification ◽

10.1177/0145445520986137 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014544552098613

Author(s):

Bailee B. Schuhmann ◽

Sarah N. Henderson ◽

Ryan A. Black ◽

Vincent B. Van Hasselt ◽

Kristin Klimley Margres ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stress Reduction ◽

Discriminant Validity ◽

Stress Test ◽

The United States ◽

Fire Service ◽

Analytic Model ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Internal Reliability ◽

Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽

Research has documented a number of acute and chronic stressors unique to the fire service. Due to the rise in mental health concerns in firefighters, there has been increased awareness of the negative effects of unmanaged stress. The present study employed a behavioral-analytic model to construct a brief screening measure of stress for this population: the Firefighter Assessment of Stress Test (FAST). Psychometric properties of the FAST were evaluated using data from active-duty firefighters throughout the United States. Results indicated the FAST has good internal reliability ( α = 0.89), as well as good convergent and discriminant validity. Also, the factor structure of the FAST revealed three significant subscales reflective of stress associated with responding to calls, administrative difficulties, and being overworked. Scoring and interpretation guidelines were established to suggest when further assessment is warranted. The FAST offers a brief and valid method of self-assessment of current stress levels in firefighters. Information obtained from the FAST (i.e., overall stress level and domains) has the potential to facilitate more immediate identification and recognition of stress in firefighters than what has been possible to date. Moreover, heightened awareness of stress and its effects will hopefully culminate in expanded efforts directed toward stress reduction and intervention for firefighters and their families.

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

Journal of Research in Music Education ◽

10.1177/0022429420982525 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002242942098252

Author(s):

Justin J. West

Keyword(s):

Professional Development ◽

United States ◽

Social Interaction ◽

Teacher Professional Development ◽

The United States ◽

Music Teacher ◽

Policy Practice ◽

Teacher Professional ◽

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

Urban Accounting and Welfare

The American Economic Review ◽

10.1257/aer.103.6.2296 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 103 (6) ◽

pp. 2296-2327 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Klaus Desmet ◽

Esteban Rossi-Hansberg

Keyword(s):

Large Population ◽

The United States ◽

Welfare Effects ◽

City Size ◽

Negative Effects ◽

The Us ◽

City Size Distribution ◽

Using Data ◽

Main Components ◽

The City

We use a simple theory of a system of cities to decompose the determinants of the city size distribution into three main components: efficiency, amenities, and frictions. Higher efficiency and better amenities lead to larger cities but also to greater frictions through congestion and other negative effects of agglomeration. Using data on MSAs in the United States, we estimate these city characteristics. Eliminating variation in any of them leads to large population reallocations, but modest welfare effects. We apply the same methodology to Chinese cities and find welfare effects that are many times larger than those in the US. (JEL H71, O18, P25, R11, R23, R41)

Negative Effects of Home Foreclosures on Mental and Physical Health Risks

International Journal of Risk and Contingency Management ◽

10.4018/ijrcm.2015040101 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

Owusu Kizito

Keyword(s):

Lived Experience ◽

Family Health ◽

The United States ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Response System ◽

Medical Issues ◽

Mental And Physical Health ◽

Home Foreclosures

The rising rate of home foreclosures which stands at approximately 1 in 92 households in the United States has raised a national alarm. Medical issues account for approximately half of all home foreclosure filings and it appears that approximately 1.5 million American homeowners could lose their homes to foreclosure every year. The phenomenological method was applied to explore the problems through the participant's lived experience. Four core themes were revealed: foreclosure process resulting in hospitalization of family and foreclosure associated with the lack of family's health insurance, family health and the foreclosure process, and foreclosure and the negligence of doctor's prescription, foreclosure as perceived loss of money and finally homeownership, displacement and housing instability as a reason for depression. The study provides a framework for local practitioners and decision makers in identifying the consequences on the physical and mental health of the participants and their families and providing a workable foreclosure response system.

The Child Left Behind: Parental Incarceration and Adult Human Capital in the United States

AEA Papers and Proceedings ◽

10.1257/pandp.20191092 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 ◽

pp. 199-203

Author(s):

Laura E. Henkhaus

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Degree Attainment ◽

Labor Market Outcomes ◽

The United States ◽

Partial Identification ◽

Parental Incarceration ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Market Outcomes ◽

Left Behind ◽

Nationally Representative

Exposure to parental incarceration is particularly prevalent in the United States, where about 7 percent of children have lived with a parent who was incarcerated. In this paper, I use nationally representative US data and apply partial identification methods to bound the likely effects of parental incarceration on education and labor market outcomes. Findings suggest that parental incarceration leads to substantially higher rates of high school dropout. Results provide some support for negative effects on likelihood of college degree attainment and employment in young adulthood. This work has important implications for criminal justice policy and social policies toward children.

Child Poverty in Sweden and the United States: The Effect of Social Transfers and Parental Labor Force Participation

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979399404800104 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 48-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Markus Jäntti ◽

Sheldon Danziger

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Labor Force ◽

Labor Force Participation ◽

Child Poverty ◽

Poverty Line ◽

The United States ◽

Lower Percentage ◽

Homogeneous Population ◽

Social Transfers ◽

The authors compare the incidence and some of the causes of child poverty in Sweden and the United States in selected years using data from the Luxembourg Income Study. The U.S. sample is restricted to white non-hispanic children to present the most favorable comparison with Sweden's more homogeneous population. When parents' labor force participation and demographic characteristics are taken into account, the proportion of children in families whose income prior to social transfers and taxes was below the poverty line (defined as 40% of median disposable income adjusted for family size) is very similar in the two countries. Because all poor children in Sweden received transfers and many in the United States did not, however, and because transfers were more generous in Sweden, a much lower percentage of children in Sweden than in the United States were poor after social transfers and taxes, regardless of parents' work effort or other characteristics.

Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00110516 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah Burgard ◽

Debora de Pina Castiglione ◽

Katherine Y. Lin ◽

Aline A. Nobre ◽

Estela M. L. Aquino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Black Men ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

The United States ◽

Group Differences ◽

National Comparison ◽

Using Data ◽

Gender Groups ◽

College Educated

Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.

Intervening processes in the relationship between unemployment and health

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700000763 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 949-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Ronald C. Kessler ◽

J. Blake Turner ◽

James S. House

Keyword(s):

Job Loss ◽

The United States ◽

Financial Strain ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Unemployed People ◽

The Individual ◽

Unemployment And Health ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

SynopsisA considerable amount of research documents the negative effects of job loss on both physical and mental health. Yet we know comparatively little about the mechanisms through which these effects occur. Unemployment, like other events, is not the same experience for everyone exposed to it. An understanding of this variation might be facilitated by breaking down the analysis of unemployment into a consideration of the various stresses that it creates or exacerbates. This is our purpose in the present paper.We demonstrate that, for one area of the United States, the effect of job loss on several health outcomes involves two mechanisms: (1) unemployment results in increased financial strain which, in turn, results in negative health effects, and (2) unemployment leaves the individual more vulnerable to the impact of unrelated life events. Controlling for financial strain, unemployed people in our sample who have not experienced an additional life event in the previous year are in no worse health than the stably employed. This provides useful insights into the nature of the unemployment experience in this particular setting. It also provides a basis for future detailed explorations of the various ways people cope with this event.