scholarly journals Differential reporting of discriminatory experiences in Brazil and the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Burgard ◽  
Debora de Pina Castiglione ◽  
Katherine Y. Lin ◽  
Aline A. Nobre ◽  
Estela M. L. Aquino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
National Comparison ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Groups ◽  
College Educated

Abstract: There has been little cross-national comparison of perceived discrimination, and few studies have considered how intersectional identities shape perception of discriminatory treatment in different societies. Using data from the ELSA-Brasil, a study of Brazilian civil servants, and the Americans’ Changing Lives Study, a nationally-representative sample of U.S. adults, we compare reports of lifetime discrimination among race-by-gender groups in each society. We also consider whether educational attainment explains any group differences, or if differences across groups vary by level of education. Results reveal higher lifetime discrimination experiences among Black respondents in both countries, especially Black men, than among Whites, and lower reports among White women than White men. Brown men and women also reported higher levels than White men in Brazil. For all race-by-gender groups in both countries, except Brazilian White men, reports of discrimination were higher among the more educated, though adjusting for educational differences across groups did not explain group differences. In Brazil, we found the greatest racial disparities among the college educated, while U.S. Black men were more likely to report discrimination than White men at all levels of education. Results reveal broad similarities across countries, despite important differences in their histories, and an intersectional approach contributed to identification of these similarities and some differences in discrimination experiences. These findings have implications for social and public health surveillance and intervention to address the harmful consequences of discrimination.

scholarly journals Inequalities in Hypertension and Diabetes in Canada: Intersections between Racial Identity, Gender, and Income

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Gagné ◽  
Gerry Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Canadian Community Health Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Community Health Survey ◽  
Using Data

<p>A growing body of research from the United States informed by intersectionality theory indicates that racial identity, gender, and income are often entwined with one another as determinants of health in unexpectedly complex ways. Research of this kind from Canada is scarce, however. Using data pooled from ten cycles (2001- 2013) of the Canadian Community Health Survey, we regressed hypertension (HT) and diabetes (DM) on income in subsamples of Black women (n = 3,506), White women (n = 336,341), Black men (n = 2,806) and White men (n = 271,260). An increase of one decile in income was associated with lower odds of hypertension and diabetes among White men (ORHT = .98, 95% CI (.97, .99); ORDM = .93, 95% CI (.92, .94)) and White women (ORHT = .95, 95% CI (.95, .96); ORDM = .90, 95% CI (.89, .91)). In contrast, an increase of one decile in income was not associated with either health outcome among Black men (ORHT = .99, 95% CI (.92, 1.06); ORDM = .99, 95% CI (.91, 1.08)) and strongly associated with both outcomes among Black women (ORHT = .86, 95% CI (.80, .92); ORDM = .83, 95% CI (.75, .92)). Our findings highlight the complexity of the unequal distribution of hypertension and diabetes, which includes inordinately high risks of both outcomes for poor Black women and an absence of associations between income and both outcomes for Black men in Canada. These results suggest that an intersectionality framework can contribute to uncovering health inequalities in Canada.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis.</em>2017;27(4):371-378; doi:10.18865/ ed.27.4.371. </p>

scholarly journals Masculinity Attitudes Across Rural, Suburban, and Urban Areas in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1097184X2110171
Author(s):  
Tony Silva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Context ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Bisexual Men ◽  
Latino Men ◽  
Urban Men ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship

This article uses the 2011–2019 National Survey of Family Growth to explore how masculinity attitudes differ by rural, suburban, and urban contexts across three social axes: sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and education. It examines within-group differences based on spatial context among 17,944 men aged 15–44 who are straight, gay/bisexual, Black, white, and Latino, as well as among men with less than a bachelor’s, a bachelor’s, and more than a bachelor’s. This contributes to existing knowledge in several ways: it is the first project to build on important qualitative studies through the use of a nationally representative sample; it contributes to the scarce research on how rural gay/bisexual, Black, and Latino men understand masculinity; and it examines how education shapes the relationship between spatial context and attitudes about masculinity. Results indicate that spatial context has a stronger relationship to attitudes among white men, straight men, and men without a bachelor’s than among Black men, Latino men, gay/bisexual men, or men with a bachelor’s or above. Theoretically, what this shows is that spatial context is more strongly related to masculinity attitudes for men who are advantaged on the basis of sexuality or race than for men who are marginalized on these axes. When significant differences emerged, rural men were more conservative than urban and suburban men, and suburban men were more conservative than urban men. These results show that there is a relationship between spatial contexts and attitudes about masculinity, but that it depends on social identity and level of education.

scholarly journals Race and Trends in Pornography Viewership, 1973-2016: Examining the Moderating Roles of Gender and Religion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Perry ◽  
Cyrus Schleifer
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Moral Issue ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Over Time

While some research has uncovered racial differences in patterns of pornography viewership, no studies to date have considered how these patterns may be changing over time or how these trends may be moderated by other key predictors of pornography viewership, specifically, gender and religion. Using nationally representative data from the 1973-2016 General Social Surveys (N = 20,620), and taking into account different ethno-religious histories with pornography as a moral issue, we examine how race, gender, and religion intersect to influence trends in pornography viewership over 43 years. Analyses reveal that black Americans in general are more likely to view pornography than whites, and they are increasing in their pornography viewership at a higher rate than whites. Moreover, black men are more likely to consume pornography than all other race-gender combinations, but only differ from white women in their increasing rate of pornography viewership. Lastly, frequent worship attendance only moderates trends in pornography viewership for white men. By contrast, regardless of attendance frequency, black men and women show increasing rates of pornography use while white women show flat rates. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for research on the intersections of race, gender, religion, and sexuality.

Piney Lights

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-93
Author(s):  
Jeremy Zallen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Processes ◽  
Gendered Politics ◽  
And Gender

In the urban peripheral spaces of antebellum tenements, domestic workers and outworking seamstresses labored late into the night with cheap, explosive turpentine lamps. Using newspaper accounts, travel narratives, and letters between turpentine camp overseers and slaveholders, this chapter explores how the gendered politics of space and time in the ready-made clothing revolution were made through a new slave-produced illuminant called “camphene.” A volatile mixture of spirits of turpentine and high-proof alcohol, camphene connected outworking seamstresses in New York with the enslaved woodsmen laboring in remote North Carolina turpentine camps to accumulate nearly every drop of turpentine in the United States. Reading against the grain, the chapter reconstructs how seamstresses and slaves attempted to navigate, shape, and sometimes escape from spaces and work processes dominated by slaveholders, clothiers, and husbands. Through the antebellum making and using of this piney light, white women working in the home and black men tapping pines far from plantations endured terrible violence and danger, rendered spatially, temporally, and culturally invisible, to underwrite the worlds of Northern and Southern white men. The chapter attempts to pull this antebellum relation out of the shadows by exploring the worlds of freedom, slavery, and gender made through piney light.

scholarly journals BLACK–WHITE MARITAL MATCHING: RACE, ANTHROPOMETRICS, AND SOCIOECONOMICS

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-André Chiappori ◽  
Sonia Oreffice ◽  
Climent Quintana-Domeque
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
White Men ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
The Us ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Exchange Hypothesis

Abstract:We analyze the interaction of black–white race with physical and socioeconomic characteristics in the US marriage market, using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We estimatewho inter-racially marries whomalong anthropometric and socioeconomic characteristics dimensions. The black women who inter-marry are the thinner and more educated in their group; instead, white women are the fatter and less educated; black or white men who inter-marry are poorer and thinner. While women in “mixed” couples find a spouse who is poorer but thinner than if they intra-married, black men match with a white woman who is more educated than if they intra-married, and a white man finds a thinner spouse in a black woman. Our general findings are consistent with the “social status exchange” hypothesis, but the finding that black men who marry white women tend to be poorer than black men who marry black women isnot.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race and Gender: Life-Course Processes to Reduce Health Disparities

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
Chioun Lee ◽  
Soojin Park ◽  
Jennifer Boylan
Keyword(s):  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
White Women ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unmeasured Confounders

Abstract Objective: Higher cardiovascular health (CVH) scores are significantly associated with reductions in aging-related disease and mortality but racial minorities exhibit poor CVH. We examine the degree to which (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups. Methods: We used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) core study and Refresher studies (N=1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or adult SES between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings. Results: White women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs reduces the disparities: White men vs. Black women (30% of reduction) and White women vs. Black women (15%). Intervening on adult SES provides large disparity reductions: White men vs. Black men (79%), White men vs. Black women (70%), White women vs. Black men (25%), and White women vs. Black women (32%). Among these combinations, interventions on ELAs and adult SES are robust to unmeasured confounders. However, intervening on discrimination makes little change in initial disparities. Discussion: Economic security in midlife for Blacks helps reduce racial disparities in cardiovascular health. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to Whites.

Is Music Teacher Professional Development Becoming More Effective? Evaluating Practice and Policy in the United States, 1993–2012

2020 ◽  
pp. 002242942098252
Author(s):  
Justin J. West
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Teacher Professional Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Music Teacher ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Teacher Professional ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this study was to evaluate music teacher professional development (PD) practice and policy in the United States between 1993 and 2012. Using data from the nationally representative Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) spanning these 20 years, I examined music teacher PD participation by topic, intensity, relevance, and format; music teachers’ top PD priorities; and the reach of certain PD-supportive policies. I assessed these descriptive results against a set of broadly agreed-on criteria for “effective” PD: content specificity, relevance, voluntariness/autonomy, social interaction, and sustained duration. Findings revealed a mixed record. Commendable improvements in content-specific PD access were undercut by deficiencies in social interaction, voluntariness/autonomy, sustained duration, and relevance. School policy, as reported by teachers, was grossly inadequate, with only one of the nine PD-supportive measures appearing on SASS reaching a majority of teachers in any given survey year. Implications for policy, practice, and scholarship are presented.

Abstract 15642: Race Sex Disparities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes, 2005-2015 Potential Warning Signs for Future U.S. Public Health

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gursukhman Sidhu ◽  
Charisse J Ward ◽  
Keith Ferdinand
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Secondary Diagnosis ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: Despite a recent gradually slowing and perhaps recent increase in the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related hospitalization in the United States population with diabetes, it is unclear whether the prior downward trend was uniform or there was an unbalanced division amongst sex and race. Methods: Adults aged ≥40 years old with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were identified using the U.S. 2005-2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The prevalence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), procedures like major amputations in the secondary diagnosis field and their association with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis were determined. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (O.D.) with 95% confidence limits (C.L.s). Sex and race risk-adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rates were estimated. Results: The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women cumulatively compared to a stable downtrend in white men and white women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalizations if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.28 - 1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01 - 2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82 - 1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29 - 1.33). When compared to white men, black men (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.3 - 1.57) and black women (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 - 1.27) had a higher likelihood of undergoing a major limb amputation during an ASCVD hospitalization. Conclusions: Blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalizations burden with a concomitant disparity in procedures and outcomes.

Black Men's Perceptions of Divorce-Related Stressors and Strategies for Coping With Divorce

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERMA JEAN LAWSON ◽  
AARON THOMPSON
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Marital Dissolution ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Heterosexual Relationships ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Depth Interviews

The divorce rate among Blacks in the United States has increased significantly in recent years. Consequently, an increasing number of Black men confront problems associated with adjusting to divorce. Using data from in-depth interviews, we identify factors that working-class/middle-class Black men perceive to cause significant stress following divorce and we examine strategies that they use to reestablish their lives. The results show that Black men confront the following divorce-related stressors: (a) financial strain, (b) noncustodial parenting, (c) child-support stressors, and (d) psychological as well as physiological distress. The findings suggest that divorced Black men experience profound postdivorce psychological distress. The data further indicate that Black men employ the following strategies to cope with the stress of marital dissolution: (a) reliance on family and friends, (b) involvement in church-related activities, (c) participation in social activities, and (d) establishment of intimate heterosexual relationships 1 year after divorce. These findings indicate that postdivorce adjustment should be scrutinized within relevant social-cultural contexts.

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