scholarly journals Deaths without denominators: using a matched dataset to study mortality patterns in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Alexander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Level Data ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Over Time

To understand national trends in mortality over time, it is important to study differences by demographic, socioeconomic and geographic characteristics. One issue with studying mortality inequalities, particularly by socioeconomic status, is that there are few micro-level data sources available that link an individual's SES with their eventual age and date of death. In this paper, a new dataset for studying mortality disparities and changes over time in the United States is presented. The dataset, termed 'CenSoc', uses two large-scale datasets: the full-count 1940 Census to obtain demographic, socioeconomic and geographic information; and that is linked to the Social Security Deaths Masterfile (SSDM) to obtain mortality information. This paper also develops mortality estimation methods to better use the 'deaths without denominators' information contained in CenSoc. Bayesian hierarchical methods are presented to estimate truncated death distributions over age and cohort, allowing for prior information in mortality trends to be incorporated and estimates of life expectancy and associated uncertainty to be produced.

scholarly journals The evolution of infant mortality inequality in the United States, 1960–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (29) ◽  
pp. eaba5908
Author(s):  
Nick Turner ◽  
Kaveh Danesh ◽  
Kelsey Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
County Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Mortality Inequality

What is the relationship between infant mortality and poverty in the United States and how has it changed over time? We address this question by analyzing county-level data between 1960 and 2016. Our estimates suggest that level differences in mortality rates between the poorest and least poor counties decreased meaningfully between 1960 and 2000. Nearly three-quarters of the decrease occurred between 1960 and 1980, coincident with the introduction of antipoverty programs and improvements in medical care for infants. We estimate that declining inequality accounts for 18% of the national reduction in infant mortality between 1960 and 2000. However, we also find that level differences between the poorest and least poor counties remained constant between 2000 and 2016, suggesting an important role for policies that improve the health of infants in poor areas.

scholarly journals Economic Competitiveness of Bioenergy Production and Effects on Agriculture of the Southern Region

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burton C. English ◽  
Daniel G. De La Torre Ugarte ◽  
Marie E. Walsh ◽  
Chad Hellwinkel ◽  
Jamey Menard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Job Creation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Economic Competitiveness ◽  
Over Time

The economic competitiveness of biobased industries is discussed by comparing the South relative to other regions of the United States and biomass as a feedstock source relative to fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum. An estimate of the biomass resource base is provided. Estimated changes in the agricultural sector over time resulting from the development of a large-scale biobased industry are reported, and a study on the potential to produce electricity from biomass compared with coal in the southern United States is reviewed. A biobased industry can increase net farm income and enhance economic development and job creation.

Why Who Cleans Counts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon Davis ◽  
Theodore Greenstein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Latent Trajectory ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Childhood Home ◽  
Over Time

While housework is an often-studied phenomenon, Why Who Cleans Counts frames the performance of housework as a way to understand power dynamics within couples. Using couple-level data from the United States-based National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,906), we perform Latent Profile Analysis to identify five categories, or classes, of couples: Ultra-traditional, Traditional, Transitional Husbands, Egalitarian, and Egalitarian High Workload. The book describes how the housework classes and the behaviors of the couples within them reveal the power dynamics within the couples, power dynamics that center around gendered norms. Using Latent Trajectory Analysis, we follow the couples over time to examine change and stability in their housework performance; their behavior over time also reveals the use of power in their relationships. Finally, we examine the reported housework time of the adult children of the NSFH couples to determine the extent to which the power dynamics experienced in one’s childhood home shapes one’s own adult gendered performance of housework. The book concludes with suggestions for how practitioners and scholars might use the book’s findings given the changing demographics of the United States.

scholarly journals Indoor Tanning Trends Among US Adults, 2007–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 823-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Bowers ◽  
Alan C. Geller ◽  
Elizabeth Schofield ◽  
Yuelin Li ◽  
Jennifer L. Hay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Health Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Indoor Tanning ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Trends ◽  
Mailed Survey ◽  
Over Time

Objectives. To examine indoor tanning trends among US adults, and the relation to indoor tanning youth access legislation. Methods. This study analyzed the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), a mailed survey, from the years 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2017, and 2018 (combined n = 20 2019). Results. Indoor tanning prevalence decreased significantly over time among all US adults from 2007 (10%) to 2018 (4%; P < .001), among young adults aged 18 to 34 years (14% to 4%; P < .001), and among both women (14% to 4%; P < .001) and men (5% to 4%; P < .05). Indoor tanning significantly decreased in states that enacted youth access legislation by 2018, but did not significantly decrease for other states. Frequent indoor tanning was common in 2018; about one quarter of respondents who reported any indoor tanning did so 25 times or more in the past year. Conclusions. This study identifies several challenges in continuing to reduce indoor tanning in the United States. Youth access legislation may be effective for reducing tanning among the broader population of tanners; however, there remains a need for focus on highly frequent tanners, as well as men.

Preferences, Problems and Representation

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Jennings ◽  
Christopher Wlezien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Aggregate Level ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Over Time

Scholars studying opinion representation often rely on a survey question that asks about the “most important problem” (MIP) facing the nation. While it is known that MIP responses reflect public priorities, less is known about their connection to policy preferences. This article directly addresses the issue. First, it conceptualizes policy preferences and MIP responses, specifically considering the possibility that the latter may be either policy or outcome based. Second, using aggregate-level data from the United States and the United Kingdom, it then examines the correspondence between public spending preferences and MIP responses over time. The results indicate that MIP responses and spending preferences tap very different things, and that using MIP responses substantially understates the representational relationship between public opinion and policy.

Stressed to the Punishing Point: Economic Insecurity and State Imprisonment Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Chad A. Malone ◽  
Ryan D. King
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Insecurity ◽  
Late Modernity ◽  
Imprisonment Rate ◽  
Level Data

This research examines the association between economic insecurity and imprisonment rates in the United States. Building on Garland’s thesis about punishment and late modernity, it is hypothesized that rising economic insecurity in a population is associated with an increase in the imprisonment rate. This hypothesis is tested with state-level data for the years 1986–2013. Results indicate a robust association between changes in economic insecurity, measured as the percentage of households in a state losing a quarter or more of their income in a single year, and changes in imprisonment rates. This finding suggests that economic insecurity is not only relevant for explaining large-scale shifts in penal philosophy and practice, as prior sociological theory has argued. It also explains some of the year-to-year variation in imprisonment rates and points to another way in which inequality is associated with punishment.

A Longitudinal, Multilevel Analysis of Homicide Against Children Aged 0–9 Years Using State-Level Characteristics: 1979–2007

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Douglas ◽  
Jennifer Vanderminden
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Homicide Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Longitudinal Growth Modeling ◽  
Over Time

Annually, over a thousand children are the victims of homicide in the United States Homicide among younger children, 0–9 years of age, is usually perpetrated by parents and caregivers. Researchers neither have tracked changes in the homicide rate among young children over time nor have they used theory to understand what factors may drive these changes. In this analysis of state-level data, we used longitudinal growth modeling and ecological theory to examine changes in homicide rate against children aged 0–9 years from 1979 to 2007. Our results indicate that states are relatively consistent, over time, in their homicide rates. Furthermore, a cultural context of criminal and risky behavior is positively associated with homicide against children. We discuss implications for future research and prevention.

scholarly journals Invasive Candidiasis Species Distribution and Trends, United States, 2009–2017

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E Ricotta ◽  
Yi Ling Lai ◽  
Ahmed Babiker ◽  
Jeffrey R Strich ◽  
Sameer S Kadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Inpatient Hospitalizations ◽  
Sterile Site ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a growing concern among US healthcare facilities. A large-scale study evaluating incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and body site is needed to understand the distribution of infection. Methods An electronic medical record database was used to calculate incidence and trends of IC in the United States by species and infection site from 2009 through 2017. Hospital incidence was calculated using total unique inpatient hospitalizations in hospitals reporting at least 1 Candida case as the denominator. IC incidence trends were assessed using generalized estimating equations with exchangeable correlation structure to fit Poisson regression models, controlling for changes in hospital characteristics and case mix over time. Results Candida albicans remains the leading cause of IC in the United States, followed by Candida glabrata. The overall incidence of IC was 90/100 000 patients, which did not change significantly over time. There were no changes in incidence among C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, or C. tropicalis; the incidence of other Candida spp. as a whole increased 7.2% annually. While there was no change in candidemia 2009–2017, abdominal and nonabdominal sterile site IC increased significantly. Conclusions Nonbloodstream IC is increasing in the United States. Understanding the epidemiology of IC should facilitate improved management of infected patients.

scholarly journals Typology of Suburban Communities in Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Zębik
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Type ◽  
Suburban Communities ◽  
Suburban Community ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Growing Population

Typology of Suburban Communities in PolandThe paper presents an attempt to classify new and existing suburban communities in Poland based on spatial patterns and comparisons with suburbs in the United States. Fifteen types of Polish suburban communities are identified in the paper. As large-scale suburban development is a relatively new phenomenon in Poland, most Polish suburban communities will continue to evolve over time and make the transition from one community type to another. An understanding of each type of suburban community may help local governments assist the communities they serve in the process of creating infrastructure and jobs for a growing population.

Quality Control of Data in a Large-Scale Cancer Register Program

1966 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Lourie ◽  
W. Haenszeland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Cancer Register ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
End Results

Quality control of data collected in the United States by the Cancer End Results Program utilizing punchcards prepared by participating registries in accordance with a Uniform Punchcard Code is discussed. Existing arrangements decentralize responsibility for editing and related data processing to the local registries with centralization of tabulating and statistical services in the End Results Section, National Cancer Institute. The most recent deck of punchcards represented over 600,000 cancer patients; approximately 50,000 newly diagnosed cases are added annually.Mechanical editing and inspection of punchcards and field audits are the principal tools for quality control. Mechanical editing of the punchcards includes testing for blank entries and detection of in-admissable or inconsistent codes. Highly improbable codes are subjected to special scrutiny. Field audits include the drawing of a 1-10 percent random sample of punchcards submitted by a registry; the charts are .then reabstracted and recoded by a NCI staff member and differences between the punchcard and the results of independent review are noted.

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