scholarly journals Unraveling the social ecology of polio

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarah Mauricio ◽  
Andrew Noymer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Hygiene Hypothesis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
The Social ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Analyze Data

Using data on poliomyelitis and typhoid fever mortality in the United States, 1914–69, we test competing theories for the twentieth century expansion of polio. We analyze data stratified by age, sex, and race. We show that some of the seemingly-paradoxical aspects of the data — principally, that whites had higher polio death rates than nonwhites but lower typhoid death rates — are consistent with the polio hygiene hypothesis. Data on racial differences show that the hygiene hypothesis is necessary and sufficient to explain patterns of polio mortality in the United States. Epidemiological phenomena are best understood in their social context.

Prologue

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Billy Coleman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Music ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Early American ◽  
The Social ◽  
American National Identity ◽  
European Standards

This prologue surveys the key political challenges, debates, and ideologies that animated American political life following the creation of the United States. It also gestures to the emerging political purposes of music within this context. It distinguishes Federalists from Republicans, explains their conflicting visions, and overviews the logic Federalists used to justify their desire for social control and their insistence on social order and hierarchy as preconditions for freedom and liberty. The prologue similarly outlines the social context of early American music, especially its connections to religion, morality, science, and European standards of excellence. Finally, it highlights music’s perceived capacity to help define the terms of a new, uniquely American national identity.

scholarly journals Disentangling Race, Poverty, and Place in Disparities in Physical Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armani Hawes ◽  
Genee Smith ◽  
Emma McGinty ◽  
Caryn Bell ◽  
Kelly Bower ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Significant racial disparities in physical activity—a key protective health factor against obesity and cardiovascular disease—exist in the United States. Using data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2000 United States (US) Census, we estimated the impact of race, individual-level poverty, neighborhood-level poverty, and neighborhood racial composition on the odds of being physically active for 19,678 adults. Compared to whites, blacks had lower odds of being physically active. Individual poverty and neighborhood poverty were associated with decreased odds of being physically active among both whites and blacks. These findings underscore the importance of social context in understanding racial disparities in physical activity and suggest the need for future research to determine specific elements of the social context that drive disparities.

scholarly journals Educação musical e projetos sociais: discutindo a relação entre música, pertencimento e demandas sociais em dois países

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Elisama da Silva Goncalves Santos ◽  
Anderson Brasil
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Object Learning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teaching Music

The social projects in music are a modern topic in the field of music education. Due to the importance of the point provided here, it is indicated the expansion of the object learning and teaching music beyond the aspects of social context in which these music social projects are inserted. Therefore, we seek to achieve an expanded look at the musical experiences offered in social projects not only in Brazil, but also in contexts with refugees originally from countries at war. In this article, we also illustrate experiences in social projects located in North Dakota, in the United States. Through dialogues with researchers of music education, we seek to reflect on the situation of refugees from countries at war, the sense of belonging, and the role of music education in communities in relation to the demands that permeate the musical aspects.

“Don’t Forget You Have Relatives Here”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Sciorra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Social Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Italian Americans ◽  
Migrant Families ◽  
The Social ◽  
Transnational Communication ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Public Lives

“La Grande Famiglia” (1948-1961), an Italian-language radio program on New York City’s WOV-AM, was a unique transnational communication enterprise that reached half a million families. The program’s Rome-based representative drove to Italian Americans’ hometowns to record mundane family news, chastisements and pleas, and heartfelt expressions of love and longing, which were in turn broadcast in the United States. This chapter examines the social context and cultural content of five recorded messages from one family to reveal how transnational intimacy was maintained sonically across the geographic divide. Private and public lives heard on the corporate-sponsored program converged in a shared sonority, a multiplicity of reverberating voices that revealed, bolstered, and endorsed a diasporic understanding of migrant families’ lives.

scholarly journals Racial Differences and Factors Associated with Pregnancy in ESKD Patients on Dialysis in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2437-2448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvi Shah ◽  
Annette L. Christianson ◽  
Karthikeyan Meganathan ◽  
Anthony C. Leonard ◽  
Daniel P. Schauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
White Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Event Analysis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
Using Data

BackgroundPregnancy in women with ESKD undergoing dialysis is uncommon due to impaired fertility. Data on pregnancy in women on dialysis in the United States is scarce.MethodsWe evaluated a retrospective cohort of 47,555 women aged 15–44 years on dialysis between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2013 using data from the United States Renal Data System with Medicare as primary payer. We calculated pregnancy rates and identified factors associated with pregnancy.ResultsIn 47,555 women on dialysis, 2352 pregnancies were identified. Pregnancy rate was 17.8 per thousand person years (PTPY) with the highest rate in women aged 20–24 (40.9 PTPY). In the adjusted time-to-event analysis, a higher likelihood of pregnancy was seen in Native American (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.33 to 2.36), Hispanic (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.73), and black (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.49) women than in white women. A higher rate of pregnancy was seen in women with ESKD due to malignancy (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.27 to 2.12), GN (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.58), hypertension (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.51), and secondary GN/vasculitis (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.37) than ESKD due to diabetes. A lower likelihood of pregnancy was seen among women on peritoneal dialysis than on hemodialysis (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.55).ConclusionsThe pregnancy rate is higher in women on dialysis than previous reports indicate. A higher likelihood of pregnancy was associated with race/ethnicity, ESKD cause, and dialysis modality.

scholarly journals Cultural approximation and didactic strategies:the case of the Chicano literature

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Aura Luz DuÉ Montalván ◽  
María Del Suñén Bernal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
The United States ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Chicano Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Development Of Language

In this article we first present the contribution of Chicano literature to understand the position of this culture within the social context of the United States. Then, we establish the relation between the theme of immigration that is reflected in these great works as well as certain literary works in Europe. Finally, we present the learning processes that have been implemented and which have found that the study of literature (in our case, Chicano) arouses interest in learning about a culture and with this motivation and development of language and communication skills, the student will develop critical thinking making him or her an autonomous, competent and creative learner in learning a target language, in this case Spanish.

scholarly journals A Review of Americanism Codes in The Americans

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salih Ocakoğlu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
American Sample ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
Cultural Structure

The Americans manufactured by Swiss photographer Robert Frank. The Americans has been the most popular in the social context in many of his albums. The use of methods beyond the age of both content and form in the photographs in the album has caused criticism by American citizens and photographers. While the contextual codes are criticized for being perceived as insult by American individuals, the radical changes in the formal form of the photographs in the album (some of the photos are skewed, some of the photographs are lacking and some of them lack the frame) have been tried as freaks by art critics. This is how Robert Frank created the economic infrastructure of his work by getting a scholarship from many institutions before he began to shoot. The Americans album, which requires a very large process both temporarily and spatially. In all the states of the United States, Frank tried to explain Americanism in his photographs rather than in America. In other words, he has photographed how the United States' political, social, economic and cultural structure is represented by individuals and how it is reflected in the Americanism code. In this study, photographs selected in the American Americans album, including the American sample code, are examined. These photographs are analyzed both in terms of content and form by using semiotic analysis method. After the analysis, the structure of the building is evaluated and the meaning of the codes in the photos is examined and interpreted.

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