scholarly journals SOCIAL CLASS AND EARNINGS TRAJECTORIES IN 14 EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Westhoff ◽  
Erzsebet Bukodi ◽  
John H Goldthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Employment Relations ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
Marked Rise ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Annual Earnings ◽  
Cross National

In this paper, we seek to contribute to ongoing discussions of the relationship between income and class in analyses of social inequality and mobility. We argue that while class has sometimes been taken as a proxy for long-term earning levels, it is of greater importance, at least when treated in terms of the EGP schema or the European Socio-Economic Classification (ESEC), in capturing differences in the trajectories that employees’ earnings follow over the course of their working lives. Moving beyond previous single country studies, we examine how far the theory that underlies ESEC is reflected in men’s age-earnings trajectories across 14 European countries, while also taking into account any effects of their educational qualifications. Modelling data from the 2017 EU-SILC survey, and focussing on men’s full year/full-time equivalent gross annual earnings, we find that although the age-earnings trajectories that are estimated for different classes do reveal some cross-national variation, there are major features, of a theoretically expected kind, that are evident with our pooled sample and that regularly recur in individual countries. Class differences in earnings are at their narrowest for men in the youngest age group but then widen across older age groups. This occurs primarily because the earnings of men in the professional and managerial salariat, and especially in the higher salariat, show a marked rise with age, while the earnings of men in other classes rise far less sharply or remain flat. We also find evidence that these diverging trajectories are primarily shaped by individuals’ class positions independently of their level of qualifications – however important the latter is in determining the class positions that they hold. What can be regarded as the logic of different forms of employment relations, as captured by ESEC, leads to a large degree of cross-national commonality in the association that exists between class and the trajectories of earnings over working life.

Workforce demographics and unit structure in paediatric cardiac critical care in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Robin V. Horak ◽  
Shasha Bai ◽  
Bradley S. Marino ◽  
David K. Werho ◽  
Leslie A. Rhodes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Critical Care ◽  
Heart Surgery ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
Unit Structure ◽  
Cardiac Critical Care

Abstract Objective: To assess current demographics and duties of physicians as well as the structure of paediatric cardiac critical care in the United States. Design: REDCap surveys were sent by email from May till August 2019 to medical directors (“directors”) of critical care units at the 120 United States centres submitting data to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database and to associated faculty from centres that provided email lists. Faculty and directors were asked about personal attributes and clinical duties. Directors were additionally asked about unit structure. Measurements and main results: Responses were received from 66% (79/120) of directors and 62% (294/477) of contacted faculty. Seventy-six percent of directors and 54% of faculty were male, however, faculty <40 years old were predominantly women. The majority of both groups were white. Median bed count (n = 20) was similar in ICUs and multi-disciplinary paediatric ICUs. The median service expectation for one clinical full-time equivalent was 14 weeks of clinical service (interquartile range 12, 16), with the majority of programmes (86%) providing in-house attending night coverage. Work hours were high during service and non-service weeks with both directors (37%) and faculty (45%). Conclusions: Racial and ethnic diversity is markedly deficient in the paediatric cardiac critical care workforce. Although the majority of faculty are male, females make up the majority of the workforce younger than 40 years old. Work hours across all age groups and unit types are high both on- and off-service, with most units providing attending in-house night coverage.

Cross-National Variation in Socioeconomic Status and Delinquency: A Comparative Study of Adolescents from 26 European Countries

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 677-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Lorine A. Hughes ◽  
Jukka Savolainen ◽  
Lorine A. Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
National Differences ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This research examined cross-national differences in the association between social class and delinquency. The poverty hypothesis expects socioeconomic disadvantage to exert a causal influence on delinquent behavior. This expectation implies that the individual-level association between family SES and delinquent offending will be attenuated at increased levels of collective social protection. The social selection perspective also assumes a negative relationship between SES and delinquency but explains it away as a spurious consequence of intergenerational transmission of antisocial propensity. In light of comparative research on social stratification, the selection perspective suggests that the association between low parental SES and offspring criminality may be stronger in advanced welfare states due to reduced influence of ascribed characteristics on socioeconomic attainment in these countries. Survey data from 26 European countries (n=78,703) were used to evaluate the validity of these conflicting hypotheses. In support of the selection perspective, results showed that class differences in delinquent offending are larger in more advanced welfare states.

scholarly journals Between-Class Earnings Inequality in 30 European Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-778
Author(s):  
Tim Goedemé ◽  
Marii Paskov ◽  
David Weisstanner ◽  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Class Inequality ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Class Composition ◽  
Southern European Countries ◽  
Cross National

Abstract This article studies earnings inequality between social classes across 30 European countries. Class inequality in earnings is found across the board although there are some exceptions. However, the degree of class inequality varies strongly across countries being larger in Western and Southern European countries and smaller in Eastern and Northern European countries. Furthermore, we find that differences in class composition in terms of observed characteristics associated with earnings account for a substantial proportion of these between-class differences. Differences between classes in the returns to education and other characteristics play less of a role. In all these respects there is a sizeable cross-national variation. This points to important differences between countries in how earnings are structured by social class.

Reaching Adulthood: Persistent Beliefs about the Importance and Timing of Adult Milestones

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kennan Cepa ◽  
Frank F. Furstenberg
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Disadvantaged Youth ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Changing Attitudes

Since 2000, transition to adulthood behaviors changed across gender and social class. Yet it is unclear whether these changes reflect a corresponding shift in beliefs. In particular, widening inequality and changes to higher education may differentially alter the opportunities available to young adults across gender and socioeconomic status, potentially changing attitudes about entering adulthood. Using the General Social Survey’s 2002 and 2012 waves, this paper explores beliefs about the importance and timing of six adult milestones, completing education, becoming financially independent, working full-time, living independently, getting married, and having children, across age, gender, and social class. We find that similarities in beliefs across gender and age groups persisted. In contrast, even though Americans from different social class backgrounds report similar beliefs about milestone importance, we continue to find social class differences in timing beliefs. Our findings highlight the continued need for institutional supports for disadvantaged youth moving towards adulthood.

Part-time working women’s access to other types of flexible working-time arrangements across Europe

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Heejung Chung
Keyword(s):  
Working Women ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Working Day ◽  
Part Time Work ◽  
Cross National

This chapter examines part-time working women's access to flexitime, that is the worker's control over their schedules such as starting and ending times, and time off work (a couple of hours during their working day) to tend to personal issues. It further examines whether this relative access varies across countries. The analysis of data from 30 European countries show that at the European average, part-time workers are more likely to get access to flexitime - showing evidence of a complimentary effect, and are as likely to get access to time off work for personal reasons as full time workers. There was a significant cross-national variance in part-time worker's relative access to flexitime compared to that of full-time workers. Countries where part-time work is more prevalent, where strong centralised unions exist, and family policies are generous were where women generally had better access to flexitime. However, this was especially the case for full-time working women, decreasing the gap between full-time and part-time working women

ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA DENGAN METODE FULL TIME QUIVALENT UNTUK MENGOPTIMALKAN KINERJA PADA BAGIAN PRODUKSI DI ERLANGGA KONVEKSI, MALANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-59
Author(s):  
Irgi Achmad Fahrezy ◽  
ST. Salmia L. A ◽  
Soemanto Soemanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Equivalent

Pertumbuhanydan permintaan akan sandang yangysemakin meningkat menuntutbperusahan konveksi untuk memiliki tingkat produktifitas yang tinggi, dimana proses ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara meningkatkanbproduktifitas karyawannya. Erlangga Konveksi adalah salah satu perusahaan konveksi yang berdiri tahun 2010. Masalah yang terjadi di Erlangga Konveksi adalah tidak seimbangnya waktu proses produksi pada tiap stasiun kerja yang menyebabkan terjadinya penambahan jumlahpwaktu kerja dan menyebabkan penumpukanfdan banyak kegiatan dari operator yang menghabiskantwaktu dimana operator banyak melakukan kegiatan di luar dari stasiun kerja mereka sendiri untuk membantu operator di stasiun kerja lainya. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan pengukuran beban kerja sebagai dasar perhitungan kebutuhan tenaga kerja yang sesuai pada bagian produksi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Full Time Equivalent. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan beban kerja adalah sebesar 0,33 pada operator gambar pola; 0,29 pada operator  pemotongan 1; 0,31 pada operator pemotongan 2; 0,21 pada operator sablon 1 dan 2; 0,22 pada operator press sablon; 1,24 pada operator jahit obras 1; 1,27 padaooperator jahit obras 2; 0,34 pada operator jahit rantai; 0,25 pada operator cutting sebelumnoverdeck; 0,55 pada operator overdeck 1 dan 2; 0,57 pada operator overdeck 3; 0,18 pada operator quality control 1 dan 2; 0,14 pada operator steam; 0,42 pada operatorpsetrika dan 0,20 pada operator packaging. Berdasarkan beban kerja yang telah dihitung pada masing-masing operatorybagian produksi Erlangga Konveksi, Malang, jumlah tenaga optimal pada bagian produksi adalah sebanyak 7 orang yang terbagi ke dalam 7 stasiun kerja.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 confinement on eating behaviours across 16 European countries: The COVIDiet cross-national study

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 104231
Author(s):  
Esther Molina-Montes ◽  
Irina Uzhova ◽  
Vito Verardo ◽  
Reyes Artacho ◽  
Belén García-Villanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
National Study ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Cross National Study ◽  
Cross National

scholarly journals Effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on antimicrobial prevalence and prescribing in a tertiary hospital in Singapore

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tat Ming Ng ◽  
Sock Hoon Tan ◽  
Shi Thong Heng ◽  
Hui Lin Tay ◽  
Min Yi Yap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Antimicrobial Prescribing ◽  
Point Prevalence Survey ◽  
Prescribing Quality

Abstract Background The deployment of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) teams to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to a loss of developed frameworks, best practices and leadership resulting in adverse impact on antimicrobial prescribing and resistance. We aim to investigate effects of reduction in AMS resources during the COVID-19 pandemic on antimicrobial prescribing. Methods One of 5 full-time equivalent AMS pharmacists was deployed to support pandemic work and AMS rounds with infectious disease physicians were reduced from 5 to 2 times a week. A survey in acute inpatients was conducted using the Global Point Prevalence Survey methodology in July 2020 and compared with those in 2015 and 2017–2019. Results The prevalence of antimicrobial prescribing (55% in 2015 to 49% in 2019 and 47% in 2020, p = 0.02) and antibacterials (54% in 2015 to 45% in 2019 and 42% in 2020, p < 0.01) have been reducing despite the pandemic. Antimicrobial prescribing in infectious disease wards with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases was 29% in 2020. Overall, antimicrobial prescribing quality indicators continued to improve (e.g. reasons in notes, 91% in 2015 to 94% in 2019 and 97% in 2020, p < 0.01) or remained stable (compliance to guideline, 71% in 2015 to 62% in 2019 and 73% in 2020, p = 0.08). Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no increase in antimicrobial prescribing and no significant differences in antimicrobial prescribing quality indicators.

scholarly journals Review of the Health, Welfare and Care Workforce in Tasmania, Australia: 2011–2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7014
Author(s):  
Belinda Jessup ◽  
Tony Barnett ◽  
Kehinde Obamiro ◽  
Merylin Cross ◽  
Edwin Mseke
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Care Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Full Time Equivalent ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Per Capita

Background: On a per capita basis, rural communities are underserviced by health professionals when compared to metropolitan areas of Australia. However, most studies evaluating health workforce focus on discrete professional groups rather than the collective contribution of the range of health, care and welfare workers within communities. The objective of this study was therefore to illustrate a novel approach for evaluating the broader composition of the health, welfare and care (HWC) workforce in Tasmania, Australia, and its potential to inform the delivery of healthcare services within rural communities. Methods: Census data (2011 and 2016) were obtained for all workers involved in health, welfare and care service provision in Tasmania and in each statistical level 4 area (SA4) of the state. Workers were grouped into seven categories: medicine, nursing, allied health, dentistry and oral health, health-other, welfare and carers. Data were aggregated for each category to obtain total headcount, total full time equivalent (FTE) positions and total annual hours of service per capita, with changes observed over the five-year period. Results: All categories of the Tasmanian HWC workforce except welfare grew between 2011 and 2016. While this growth occurred in all SA4 regions across the state, the HWC workforce remained maldistributed, with more annual hours of service per capita provided in the Hobart area. Although the HWC workforce remained highly feminised, a move toward gender balance was observed in some categories, including medicine, dentistry and oral health, and carers. The HWC workforce also saw an increase in part-time workers across all categories. Conclusions: Adopting a broad approach to health workforce planning can better reflect the reality of healthcare service delivery. For underserviced rural communities, recognising the diverse range of workers who can contribute to the provision of health, welfare and care services offers the opportunity to realise existing workforce capacity and explore how ‘total care’ may be delivered by different combinations of health, welfare and care workers.

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