scholarly journals Exports and Innovation in Malaysia: the role of Heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
YuanFang Chen ◽  
Lim Thye Goh
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper was to empirically examine the impact of exports on the level of innovation in the manufacturing sector of Malaysia and to focus on the role of heterogeneity in exports by using detailed industry-level cross-sectional data on Malaysia’s manufacturing sector in 2014. Utilising the CDM model, as postulated by Crepon, Duguet & Mairesse (1998), this paper investigated whether exporting to more countries, exporting greater volumes, and exporting greater volumes to high-income countries induced industry to increase its level of innovation. Estimates from the CDM model showed, overall, a positive impact of exports on innovation, more specifically, heterogeneity in exports mattered to industries’ innovating in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. Additionally, exporting to additional foreign destinations, exporting greater volumes of product, and exporting more products to low-income countries, especially to South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, had a significant influence on inducing industries to engage in innovation activities.

Decision making to discharge patients from airborne infection isolation rooms: The role of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF strategy in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 784-788
Author(s):  
Lucas José Bazzo Menon ◽  
Cinara Silva Feliciano ◽  
Mateus Rennó de Campos ◽  
Valdes Roberto Bollela
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Airborne Infection ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjective:Tuberculosis (TB) transmission in healthcare facilities is still a concern in low-income countries, where airborne isolation rooms are scarce due to high costs. We evaluated the use of single GeneXpert MTB/RIF, the molecular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) test, as an accurate and faster alternative to the current criteria of 3 negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears to remove patients from airborne isolation.Methods:In this real-world investigation, we evaluated the impact of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF on the decision making for discharging patients from respiratory isolation. We enrolled patients with suspected pulmonary TB in a public hospital that provides care for high-complexity patients in Brazil. We studied the performance, costs, and time saved comparing the GeneXpert MTB/RIF with AFB smears.Results:We enrolled 644 patients in 3 groups based on the number of AFB smears performed (1, 2, and 3, respectively) on respiratory specimens. GeneXpert MTB/RIF demonstrated good performance compared to AFB smear to rule out TB in all groups. The negative predictive value for AFB smear was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–0.97) and 98% (95% CIs, 0.94–0.99) for GeneXpert MTB/RIF in G3. The isolation discharge based on 3 AFB smears took 84 hours compared to 24 hours with GeneXpert MTB/RIF, which represents 560 patient-days saved in the isolation rooms.Conclusion:A single GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a fast and strong predictor for TB absence in a high-complexity hospital, which is quite similar to results obtained in recent studies in low-burden settings. This molecular test may also increase patient rotation through isolation rooms, with a positive impact in the emergency room and infectious diseases wards.

Impact of Social Isolation on Physical Activity and Factors Associated With Sedentary Behavior in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Giovana Z. Mazo ◽  
Felipe Fank ◽  
Pedro S. Franco ◽  
Bruna da Silva Vieira Capanema ◽  
Franciele da Silva Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Moderate Physical Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Impact

The objective was to analyze the impact of social isolation on moderate physical activity and factors associated with sedentary behavior of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study involving 111 older adults (aged 71.0 ± 6.87 years). The data were collected at two time points: in November 2019 and in June 2020. There was a decline in moderate physical activity when the minutes/week were compared before and during social isolation (p < .001). Sedentary behavior was associated with the condition of living alone. Older adults who lived alone were 3.29 times more likely to spend 4 hr or more in sedentary behavior than those who lived with a partner (95% confidence interval [1.01, 10.74]). Government agencies must establish PA-related health promotion strategies, especially in developing and low-income countries. Therefore, home exercises need to be encouraged to prevent the consequences of this pandemic period.

scholarly journals Export Earnings, Capital Instability and Economic Growth in South Asia

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-89
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aslam Chaudhary ◽  
Amjad Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

During the last two decades the role of international trade and flow of foreign capital have received considerable attention in the literature. Various studies have examined the impact of export instability and capital instability on economic growth in less developed countries.1 Empirical evidence supports the hypothesis of a deleterious impact of export instability on economic growth. However, some studies also indicated that the relationship was unstable but positive with economic growth.2 Yet there are no systematic empirical investigations into the implied links between export diversification and long-term economic growth, particularly in the case of South Asian countries. The major concern regarding export instability is that it retards economic growth.

scholarly journals Debt and Economic Growth in South Asia

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (4II) ◽  
pp. 677-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehana Siddiqui ◽  
Afia Malik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Country ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Impact

After 1980s, in most developing countries, the rate of debt accumulation and increase in debt servicing are highlighted as major factors affecting the growth rate of output. Most of these countries lost their competitiveness in the international market mainly as a result of insufficient exchange rate adjustments. In addition, the weakening of terms of trade, economic mismanagement and crisis of governance also lowered growth rates in the developing countries. The downward pressure was larger in the countries facing higher debt burden as these countries faced higher interest rates, decline in the external resource inflow, lower export earnings, lower domestic output and lower imports. In case of South Asian countries, the external debt scenario has changed over time. According to World Bank (2001) Pakistan’s ranking worsened to ‘severely-indebted low income country’ from ‘moderately-indebted low income country’ in 1997, where as India’s ranking improved to ‘less indebted low income’ country from ‘moderately indebted’ in 1997. The rapid accumulation of debt, rising repayment burden and the economically and politically resource inflow or rescheduling motivated rescheduling of debt (as in case of Pakistan) has raised concerns regarding the impact of debt on the growth process of the South Asian countries.

scholarly journals Causal nexus between fiscal deficit and economic growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Ravinthirakumaran Navaratnam ◽  
Kasavarajah Mayandy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cointegration Analysis ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Impact

The impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth is one of the most widely debated issues among economists and policy makers in both developed and developing countries in the recent period. This paper seeks to examine the impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth in selected South Asian countries, namely, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka using time series annual data over the period 1980 to 2014. The paper uses cointegration analysis, error correction modelling and Granger causality test under a Vector Autoregression (VAR) framework. The results from this study confirmed that the fiscal deficit has a negative impact on economic growth in the South Asian countries considered in this study except Nepal, which confirmed the positive impact. The results also highlighted that the direction of causality for the SAARC countries is mixed where fiscal deficit causes economic growth for Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan, but the reverse is true for India and Sri Lanka.  

scholarly journals The Impact of Various Mode of Financings in Reducing Inequality in Various Groups of Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Irma Yuliani ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The existence of Islamic bank not always provide positive impact to the real sector of economy. Declining inequality is one of the expected significant impacts with appyling mode of financing as instrument to relize that. This study aims to investigate the impact of mode of financing was applied by Islamic bank to reduce inequality among countries of IsDB Group. World bank data and IDB data of Islamic banks are employed as samples from 1977 to 2018. The results show that equity and leasing have a positive effect and significant to reduce inequality for low income countries, where the leasing or ijarah have the most effective impact than all. In addition, instalment sale of financing has a significant impact to reduce inequality for middle-income countries, loan is being the only significant mode of financing to reduce inequality in all IDB countries. Unfortunately, Mudharabah, PLS (profit and loss sharing), Murabahan and Istishna have not significantly impact to reduce inequality

scholarly journals Changes in perceived knowledge about childbirth among pregnant women participating in the Senses of Birth Intervention in Brazil: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luísa M M Fernandes ◽  
Sônia Lansky ◽  
Bernardo J Oliveira ◽  
Amélia A L Friche ◽  
Christine T. Bozlak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Perceived Knowledge ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Senses of Birth (SoB) is a health education intervention in Brazil that addresses reproductive rights, the benefits and risks of normal birth and cesarean, and use of evidence-based practices (EBP) during labor and childbirth, aiming to reduce unnecessary cesareans in the country. This study evaluates the impact of the SoB intervention on pregnant women’s perceived knowledge about normal birth, cesarean, and use of EBP in childbirth. Method: 1,287 pregnant women answered a structured questionnaire, immediately after their visit to the exhibition, between March 2015 and March 2016, in four cities. To identify the impact of the intervention on women’s perceived knowledge and possible association with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, statistical analyses were performed including paired T-tests, ANOVA, and logistic and linear regressions. Results: The mean score (MS) of perceived knowledge after the intervention was higher than the mean score before experiencing the SoB for all three knowledge domains: Normal Birth (MS Before= 3.71 x MS After= 4.49), Cesarean (MS Before= 3.54 x MS After= 4.26) and EBPs (MS Before= 3.14 x MS After= 4.14). The results suggest that SoB intervention was more effective for low income women (B = 0.206; p < 0.001 for EBP), women without private health insurance (OR 2.47, 95% CI: 1.49- 4.09 for normal birth), women with private prenatal care (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.59- 3.66 for normal birth), women experiencing their first pregnancy (OR 1.92, 95% CI: 1.31-2.82 for EBP; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for normal birth; OR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.03-1.84 for cesarean), and women in their first or second trimester at the time of the intervention (OR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.13-2.39 for EBP; OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11-1.97 for normal birth; OR 1.85, 95% CI: 1.40-2.41 for cesarean). Conclusion: The study showed opportunities to increase knowledge among Brazilian pregnant women for the three knowledge domains, and a need to focus the discussion on how to achieve a positive experience of birth using EBP. The intervention gains relevance considering the lack of evidence of the efficacy of non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary cesareans in middle and low-income countries targeting women.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF INTELLIGENCE ON ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL CRIME: A CROSS-COUNTRY STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
MONICA VIOLETA ACHIM ◽  
SORIN NICOLAE BORLEA ◽  
VIORELA LIGIA VĂIDEAN ◽  
ALEXANDRA IOANA RUS ◽  
FLORIN DOBRE
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Country Study ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Determining Factor

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between intelligence and economic and financial crimes. For this purpose, we use a cross-sectional sample of 182 countries for the time span of 2012–2017. Our research provides empirical evidence on the existence of a significant impact of intelligence upon economic and financial crimes. When we analyze the entire sample, we find that intelligent people are more prone to comply with the law and thus increase the efficiency of implementing government policies to reduce economic and financial crimes. However, when we conduct our analysis among the two subgroups of high- and low-income countries, different results are obtained. For high-income countries, we obtain evidence of a positive coefficient for the impact of intelligence on economic and financial crimes, meaning that increased intellectual capacities of people from these countries, including high professional knowledge and skills, are used to break the traditional technology in order to get illegal benefits. Our results conducted for the low-income countries' subsample do not support intelligence as being a determining factor for economic and financial crimes; in these countries, other determinants are more important for engaging in such activities. Our study may have important implications for the policymakers who must acknowledge that various policies in the field of economic and financial crimes need to be differentially adopted depending on the level of development of each country, which offers different ways of involvement in such crimes, related to the level of people's intelligence.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Childhood infections in Ambulatory Settings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samah Al-Shatnawi ◽  
Sanabel Alhusban ◽  
Shoroq Altawalbeh ◽  
Rawand Khasawneh
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Prescribing Patterns ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Impact

Background: Antibiotics’ rational prescribing is a major goal of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) global action-plan to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Evaluation of antibiotic prescribing patterns is necessary to guide simple, globally applicable stewardship interventions. The impact of antimicrobial resistance is devastating, especially in low-income countries. We aimed to introduce ambulatory data on patterns of pediatric antibiotic prescribing in Jordan, which could be used to guide local stewardship interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted by selecting a random sample of pediatric patients, who attended ambulatory settings in 2018. Records of outpatients (age 18 years) receiving at least one antibiotic were included. The WHO’s model of drug utilization was applied, and all prescribing indicators were included. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine factors influencing the ratio of prescribed antibiotics to overall medications per encounter. Results: A total of 20,494 prescriptions, containing 45,241 prescribed drugs, were obtained. Average number of prescribed drugs per prescription was (2.21  0.98). 77.5% of overall ambulatory prescriptions accounted for antimicrobials. Only 0.6% of total prescriptions were for injectables. All antimicrobials (100%) were prescribed by generic-names and from essential drug list. Antibiotics were most commonly prescribed for respiratory tract infections. Age, gender, season, and facility type were significant predictors of prescribed antibiotics to overall medications ratio. Conclusions: This is the first study of antibiotic prescribing patterns among outpatient pediatrics that covers wide regions in Jordan. Results indicate high rates of antibiotics use among outpatient pediatrics. Such findings necessitate more focused efforts and regulations that support rational utilization of drugs.

scholarly journals Technology and Economic Growth: Role of Financial Development in South Asian Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Sharif Chaudhry ◽  
Samina Sabir ◽  
Fatima Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Development Technology ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moment ◽  
Sustainable Economic Growth ◽  
The Impact

Financial development plays an instrumental role in the process of economic growth and development through mobilization of savings and creating investment opportunities. Financial development also leads to enhance the level of technology by providing finance to entrepreneurs for technological innovations which leads to economic growth. This study examines the impact of financial development and technology on economic growth of selected South Asian countries over the time span 1984-2017. Due to endogeneity problem, the empirical model used in the study is estimated by System Generalized Method of Moment (System GMM). Empirical results indicated that financial development, technology and human capital have positive and significant impact on economic growth in developing South Asian countries. To attain a sustainable economic growth, South Asian countries should put their efforts to develop their financial market that stimulates economic growth by providing finance to entrepreneurs for innovations.

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