Decision making to discharge patients from airborne infection isolation rooms: The role of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF strategy in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 784-788
Author(s):  
Lucas José Bazzo Menon ◽  
Cinara Silva Feliciano ◽  
Mateus Rennó de Campos ◽  
Valdes Roberto Bollela
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Complexity ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Airborne Infection ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjective:Tuberculosis (TB) transmission in healthcare facilities is still a concern in low-income countries, where airborne isolation rooms are scarce due to high costs. We evaluated the use of single GeneXpert MTB/RIF, the molecular Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) DNA and resistance to rifampicin (RIF) test, as an accurate and faster alternative to the current criteria of 3 negative acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smears to remove patients from airborne isolation.Methods:In this real-world investigation, we evaluated the impact of a single GeneXpert MTB/RIF on the decision making for discharging patients from respiratory isolation. We enrolled patients with suspected pulmonary TB in a public hospital that provides care for high-complexity patients in Brazil. We studied the performance, costs, and time saved comparing the GeneXpert MTB/RIF with AFB smears.Results:We enrolled 644 patients in 3 groups based on the number of AFB smears performed (1, 2, and 3, respectively) on respiratory specimens. GeneXpert MTB/RIF demonstrated good performance compared to AFB smear to rule out TB in all groups. The negative predictive value for AFB smear was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90–0.97) and 98% (95% CIs, 0.94–0.99) for GeneXpert MTB/RIF in G3. The isolation discharge based on 3 AFB smears took 84 hours compared to 24 hours with GeneXpert MTB/RIF, which represents 560 patient-days saved in the isolation rooms.Conclusion:A single GeneXpert MTB/RIF is a fast and strong predictor for TB absence in a high-complexity hospital, which is quite similar to results obtained in recent studies in low-burden settings. This molecular test may also increase patient rotation through isolation rooms, with a positive impact in the emergency room and infectious diseases wards.

scholarly journals Exports and Innovation in Malaysia: the role of Heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
YuanFang Chen ◽  
Lim Thye Goh
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this paper was to empirically examine the impact of exports on the level of innovation in the manufacturing sector of Malaysia and to focus on the role of heterogeneity in exports by using detailed industry-level cross-sectional data on Malaysia’s manufacturing sector in 2014. Utilising the CDM model, as postulated by Crepon, Duguet & Mairesse (1998), this paper investigated whether exporting to more countries, exporting greater volumes, and exporting greater volumes to high-income countries induced industry to increase its level of innovation. Estimates from the CDM model showed, overall, a positive impact of exports on innovation, more specifically, heterogeneity in exports mattered to industries’ innovating in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. Additionally, exporting to additional foreign destinations, exporting greater volumes of product, and exporting more products to low-income countries, especially to South Asian and Southeast Asian countries, had a significant influence on inducing industries to engage in innovation activities.

scholarly journals Impact of Behavioral Biases on Investment Decision Making with Moderating Role of Financial Literacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Rizwan Khalid ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Javed ◽  
Khurram Shahzad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Structure Questionnaire ◽  
Investment Decision Making ◽  
Overconfidence Bias ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

The objective of this study is to examine the Impact of Overconfidence bias and Herding bias on Investment Decision Making with Moderating Role of Financial Literacy. The population was Investor, Employee and Graduate Student. A sample of 200 was selected using convenience technique. Data were collected through structure questionnaire adopted from different papers. Correlation and Regression analysis were performed to examine the result. The Results show that overconfidence bias and herding bias have a positive impact on investment decision making and Financial Literacy has positive impact on investment decision making. Based on the results and discussions of the study findings as well as the limitations, theoretical and practical implications of the study have been provided.

scholarly journals The Impact of Various Mode of Financings in Reducing Inequality in Various Groups of Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
Irma Yuliani ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Islamic Bank ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

The existence of Islamic bank not always provide positive impact to the real sector of economy. Declining inequality is one of the expected significant impacts with appyling mode of financing as instrument to relize that. This study aims to investigate the impact of mode of financing was applied by Islamic bank to reduce inequality among countries of IsDB Group. World bank data and IDB data of Islamic banks are employed as samples from 1977 to 2018. The results show that equity and leasing have a positive effect and significant to reduce inequality for low income countries, where the leasing or ijarah have the most effective impact than all. In addition, instalment sale of financing has a significant impact to reduce inequality for middle-income countries, loan is being the only significant mode of financing to reduce inequality in all IDB countries. Unfortunately, Mudharabah, PLS (profit and loss sharing), Murabahan and Istishna have not significantly impact to reduce inequality

Impact of Muslim decision-making style and religiosity on intention to purchasing certified halal food

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardius Usman ◽  
Chairy Chairy ◽  
Nucke Widowati Kusumo Projo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Consumer Decision Making ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Consumer Decision ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to: build Muslim consumer decision-making style (MCDMS); analyze the influence of the consumer decision-making style on Muslim behavior to buy halal certified food; analyze the impact of religiosity on Muslim behavior in buying halal-certified food and study the role of religiosity in the relationship between MCDMS and Muslim behavior in buying halal certified food. Design/methodology/approach This study’s target population is the Muslim Indonesian population age at least 18 years old. The self-administered survey method is carried out based on convenience and snowball sampling techniques and the questionnaire is distributed online. This study collects data from 396 Muslim respondents in Indonesia through an online survey. Factor analysis and regression with interaction variables are applied to test the research hypothesis statistically. Findings This study reveals several results: MCDMS produces 10 dimensions; halal consciousness is an important dimension; the perfectionist/high-quality conscious and price-conscious, has a significant negative effect on the intention to buy halal-certified food; the halal consciousness and the recreational/hedonic conscious have a significant positive effect on the intention to buy halal certified food; religiosity has a significant positive impact directly on the intention to purchase halal-certified food; Religiosity positively moderates the impact of a perfectionist/high-quality conscious and price-conscious on the intention to buy halal-certified food. Originality/value This paper will build an MCDMS by adding the dimensions of halal consciousness. The author has not found literature about MCDMS. This research will also study the impact of MCDMS and religiosity on the intention to buy halal-certified food, as well as will study the role of religiosity in relationships between Muslim decision-making styles and intention to buy halal-certified food. Similar research is still very limited in marketing literature.

scholarly journals Free Trade Agreements and Environment for Sustainable Development: A Gravity Model Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xing Yao ◽  
Rizwana Yasmeen ◽  
Yunong Li ◽  
Muhammad Hafeez ◽  
Ihtsham Padda
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Impact

Free trade agreements (FTAs) have a key role in the global value chain. In the meantime, these are also disturbing the environmental balance of the world. The objective of this study is to check whether the trade is good or bad for the environments of countries that are bonded by trade agreements. This study examines the impact of FTAs on bilateral carbon emissions within the gravity framework. We find a positive impact of FTA agreements on bilateral CO2 pollution. However, in an income-based country group analysis, we find mixed evidence regarding FTAs. The analysis concerning high income countries indicates that free trade agreements are beneficial for high income countries, while, in the case of upper middle income and lower middle income countries, we find that the free trade agreements are not beneficial for their environments. These results of the effects of FTAs on bilateral CO2 pollution imply that low income countries have a greater pollution effect even after the implementation of an FTA due to lenient environmental standards. There is a need for developing countries to learn from high income countries, as their FTAs are beneficial for decreasing pollution.

scholarly journals Electrification Planning for Healthcare Facilities in Low-Income Countries, Application of a Portfolio-Level, Multi Criteria Decision-Making Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 750
Author(s):  
Mohammad H. Pakravan ◽  
Andrea C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Level Energy ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Data Driven Approach

This study presents a multi-platform analysis for accelerating the deployment of distributed renewable energy (DRE) systems for the electrification of healthcare facilities (HCFs) in low-income regions. While existing tools capture national and regional scale planning for DRE deployment in HCFs, there are limited tools for facility level energy needs and no existing data-driven approach for systematic decision-making and resource allocation across a portfolio of HCFs. We address this gap by utilizing decentralized data collection, and multi-criteria decision-making to evaluate each HCF against a set of weighted decision criteria. We applied the approach presented in this research in a case study across 56 HCF in Uganda. Results present current and future energy needs for each individual clinic and the prioritization of HCFs for allocation of resources for DRE deployment. Additionally, results provide insight for best practices for reliability of services that are specific to each HCF. For example, failures in the existing solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are approximately up to 60% due to a lack of proper operation and management (O&M) strategy, and 40% is attributable to improper system design and installation. Thus, this study enables decision-makers to better understand the electrification needs of different HCFs, prioritize DRE deployment, financial investments, cost-effective procurement, and long-term O&M.

Decision-Making in the Prescription of Orthotics and Prosthetics for Partial-Foot Amputees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratima Saravanan ◽  
Charity Hipple ◽  
Jingxin Wang ◽  
Christopher McComb ◽  
Jessica Menold
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Decision Making Model ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Automated Methods

Abstract Prosthetists face a daunting number of decisions that directly affect an amputee’s ability to walk and indirectly affect the overall quality of life of that amputee. In addition, the lack of resources in low-income countries provides a barrier to receive care after an amputation, and approximately 80% of amputees in low-income countries lack appropriate prosthetic care. In this research, we are motivated to understand what factors affect the decision-making strategies of prosthetists and podiatrists when prescribing prosthetics and orthotics to partial foot amputees. This work establishes a decision-making framework as a step towards automated methods that may reduce the complexities and decision-making burden of prosthetic prescription, ultimately increasing the efficiency of prosthetic prescription in low-resourced areas. A decision-making model is proposed based on an extensive literature review of over 100 papers. The proposed model is compared to qualitative data regarding decision-making strategies during prosthetic or orthotic prescription collected from nine prosthetists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals directly involved in amputee care. Changes to the proposed model are described and future work exploring the role of automated methods to support decision-making in the context of prosthetics is discussed.

The impact of a country’s level of development on the nexus between bank lending structure and economic growth

2021 ◽  
pp. 51-70
Author(s):  
I. N. Gurov ◽  
E. Y. Kulikova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to determine how the impact of the bank lending structure on economic growth differs depending on the level of a country’s development. The article provides suggestions on how much one can rely on the leading growth of corporate and consumer bank lending in order to promote economic growth. The study is based on the panel data for 211 countries for the period 1990—2019 using methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis. The authors have identified three groups of the countries where the impact of the bank lending structure on economic growth is different. In the least developed and low-income countries, the leading growth of both consumer and corporate lending has a positive impact on economic growth. As GDP per capita reaches 4,700—7,000 constant 2010 U.S. dollars, the outstripping growth of consumer lending begins to negatively affect economic growth, while corporate lending continues to have a positive impact. As GDP per capita continues to increase, corporate lending also begins to negatively affect economic growth. The GDP per capita threshold level, after which the negative impact of corporate lending begins, ranges from 6,000 to 42,000 constant 2010 U.S. dollars, some estimates allow us to specify these limits from 13,000 to 22,000 constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Such broad boundaries are determined by the fact that the role of the banking sector in investments financing may differ because of the financial sector model and the national economy structure. However, our results show that in the most developed and high-income countries, faster growth in corporate lending will not contribute to economic growth. The study also finds that the share of mortgage loans in GDP has a positive but insignificant effect on economic growth in all groups of the countries.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

scholarly journals Experiences and impact of international medical volunteering: a multi-country mixed methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e041599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary McCauley ◽  
Joanna Raven ◽  
Nynke van den Broek
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
International Medical ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medical Volunteers ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo assess the experience and impact of medical volunteers who facilitated training workshops for healthcare providers in maternal and newborn emergency care in 13 countries.SettingsBangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, UK and Zimbabwe.ParticipantsMedical volunteers from the UK (n=162) and from low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) (n=138).Outcome measuresExpectations, experience, views, personal and professional impact of the experience of volunteering on medical volunteers based in the UK and in LMIC.ResultsUK-based medical volunteers (n=38) were interviewed using focus group discussions (n=12) and key informant interviews (n=26). 262 volunteers (UK-based n=124 (47.3%), and LMIC-based n=138 (52.7%)) responded to the online survey (62% response rate), covering 506 volunteering episodes. UK-based medical volunteers were motivated by altruism, and perceived volunteering as a valuable opportunity to develop their skills in leadership, teaching and communication, skills reported to be transferable to their home workplace. Medical volunteers based in the UK and in LMIC (n=244) reported increased confidence (98%, n=239); improved teamwork (95%, n=232); strengthened leadership skills (90%, n=220); and reported that volunteering had a positive impact for the host country (96%, n=234) and healthcare providers trained (99%, n=241); formed sustainable partnerships (97%, n=237); promoted multidisciplinary team working (98%, n=239); and was a good use of resources (98%, n=239). Medical volunteers based in LMIC reported higher satisfaction scores than those from the UK with regards to impact on personal and professional development.ConclusionHealthcare providers from the UK and LMIC are highly motivated to volunteer to increase local healthcare providers’ knowledge and skills in low-resource settings. Further research is necessary to understand the experiences of local partners and communities regarding how the impact of international medical volunteering can be mutually beneficial and sustainable with measurable outcomes.

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