scholarly journals Surface air temperature trends in Kathmandu Valley for 2011-2017

BIBECHANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
A. Thapa ◽  
A Silwal ◽  
S P Gautam ◽  
C K. Nepal ◽  
S. Bhattarai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

In this study, we reviewed the maximum and minimum temperature trends of the Kathmandu valley over the period of 2011-2017. In addition, the average monthly temperature trends were studied annually for the same period, with the data made available from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) of Nepal. The annual temperature trended in the same direction, with winter temperatures being lower and summer temperatures being higher. The annual average minimum and maximum air temperature trends were found to be slightly rising at 0.097˚C/year and 0.04˚C/year, respectively. The mean air temperature in Kathmandu valley is increasing at a rate of 0.06 degrees Celsius per year, with 2016 being the warmest year and 2012 being the least warm, with annual mean temperatures of 19.82˚C and 19.32˚C, respectively. The temperature difference is much smaller in the summer (less than ~12˚C) than in the winter.  BIBECHANA 18 (2) (2021) 95-104

scholarly journals Effect of atmospheric circulation on surface air temperature trends in years 1979–2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jouni Räisänen
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Square Difference

AbstractThe effect of atmospheric circulation on monthly, seasonal and annual mean surface air temperature trends in the years 1979–2018 is studied by applying a trajectory-based method on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis data. To the extent that the method captures the effects of atmospheric circulation, the results suggest that circulation trends only had a minor impact on observed annual mean temperature trends in most areas. Exceptions include, for example, a decrease in annual mean warming by about 1 °C in western Siberia, and increased warming in central Europe and the Arctic Ocean. However, the effect of circulation trends on seasonal and particularly monthly temperature trends is more substantial. Subtracting the effect of circulation changes from the ERA5 temperature trends leaves residual trends with a smoother annual cycle than the original trends. The residual monthly mean temperature trends also tend to agree better with the multi-model mean temperature trends from models in the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) than the original ERA5 trends do, with a 42% decrease in the mean square difference over the global land area. However, the corresponding decrease in the mean square difference of the annual mean temperature trends is only 6%.

scholarly journals An updated evaluation of the global mean land surface air temperature and surface temperature trends based on CLSAT and CMST

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 635-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingxiang Li ◽  
Wenbin Sun ◽  
Xiang Yun ◽  
Boyin Huang ◽  
Wenjie Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Global Mean

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, HEART RATE AND DEEP BODY TEMPERATURE DURING DIVING IN THE TUFTED DUCK AYTHYA FULIGULA

1992 ◽  
Vol 163 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. BEVAN ◽  
P. J. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body Temperature ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Winter Conditions ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maintain Body Temperature ◽  
Deep Body

Six tufted ducks were trained to dive for food at summer temperatures (air, 26°C, water, 23°C) and at winter temperatures (air, 5.8°C, water 7.4°C). The mean resting oxygen consumption (Voo2) a t winter temperatures (rwin) was 90% higher than that at summer temperatures (Tsum), but deep body temperatures (Tb) were not significantly different. Diving behaviour and mean oxygen consumption for dives of mean duration were similar at Twin and at Tsum, although the mean oxygen consumption for surface intervals of mean duration was 50% greater at Twin and Tb was significantly lower (1°C) at the end of a series of dives in winter than it was in summer. There appears to be an energy saving of 67 J per dive during winter conditions and this may, at least partially, be the result of the metabolic heat produced by the active muscles being used to maintain body temperature. While at rest under winter conditions, this would be achieved by shivering thermogenesis. Thus, the energetic costs of foraging in tufted ducks in winter are not as great as might be expected from the almost doubling of metabolic rate in resting birds.

Cores and Peripheries Revisited: The Mining Landscapes of Wadi Faynan (Southern Jordan) 5000 BC–AD 700

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Barker ◽  
David Mattingly
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Summer Temperature ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Mountain Front ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Landscape Survey

One of Barry Cunliffe’s major areas of research interest has been societies in transition, especially in the context of core/periphery relationships between expanding states and societies on their margins. Much of this work has been on the relationships between Rome and the Iron Age societies of southern Britain on the northwestern margins of the empire, and the subsequent pathways of resistance, interaction, and transformation. In this chapter we focus on events and processes on the opposite margins of the Roman empire in the Levant, where the Nabataean state was formally incorporated into the Roman imperial system some sixty years after the Claudian invasion of Britain. We draw on the results of the Wadi Faynan Landscape Survey (1996–2000), an interdisciplinary and diachronic investigation of evidence of environmental and climatic change, settlement pattern, and human activity in the Wadi Faynan in southern Jordan (figure 7.1). Situated about 40 kilometres from the Nabataean capital of Petra, the Wadi Faynan lies in the hot and hyper-arid Jordanian Desert, at a distinctive and spectacular mountain front that reaches 1500m above the desert floor. This landform marks the eastern margin of the desert lowlands of the great Jordanian rift valley, with the trough of the Wadi ‘Arabah to the south and west, and the highlands of the Mountains of Edom and the Jordanian tablelands to the east and north (Bienkowski and Galor 2006). The mean summer temperature on the Jordanian tablelands is in the order of 178c, compared with winter temperatures of about 12ºc (Bruins 2006; Rabb’a 1994). Winter temperatures on the desert floor in the Wadi Faynan are much the same as on the plateau, but in summer temperatures frequently reach 40ºc. Seasonality is strong, with most rain falling between December and March and virtually no precipitation occurring between June and September. Annual rainfall in the lower Wadi Faynan is around 63mm and even less in theWadi ‘Arabah (‘Aqaba receives 30mm for example), whereas the Jordanian Tablelands have an average precipitation exceeding 200mm per year.

scholarly journals Contribution of SST change to multidecadal global and continental surface air temperature trends between 1910 and 2013

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 1295-1313
Author(s):  
Yidan Xu ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
Cheng Sun ◽  
Xiaopei Lin ◽  
Hailong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
Multidecadal Variability ◽  
The North ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Community Atmosphere Model ◽  
Community Earth System Model ◽  
Goddard Institute

AbstractThe global mean surface air temperature (GMST) shows multidecadal variability over the period of 1910–2013, with an increasing trend. This study quantifies the contribution of hemispheric surface air temperature (SAT) variations and individual ocean sea surface temperature (SST) changes to the GMST multidecadal variability for 1910–2013. At the hemispheric scale, both the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) observations and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Community Atmosphere Model 5.3 (CAM5.3) simulation indicate that the Northern Hemisphere (NH) favors the GMST multidecadal trend during periods of accelerated warming (1910–1945, 1975–1998) and cooling (1940–1975, 2001–2013), whereas the Southern Hemisphere (SH) slows the intensity of both warming and cooling processes. The contribution of the NH SAT variation to the GMST multidecadal trend is higher than that of the SH. We conduct six experiments with different ocean SST forcing, and find that all the oceans make positive contributions to the GMST multidecadal trend during rapid warming periods. However, only the Indian, North Atlantic, and western Pacific oceans make positive contributions to the GMST multidecadal trend between 1940 and 1975, whereas only the tropical Pacific and the North Pacific SSTs contribute to the GMST multidecadal trend between 2001 and 2013. The North Atlantic and western Pacific oceans have important impacts on modulating the GMST multidecadal trend across the entire 20th century. Each ocean makes different contributions to the SAT multidecadal trend of different continents during different periods.

scholarly journals TENDÊNCIAS DA TEMPERATURA ANUAL NO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 544-551
Author(s):  
Roberta Araújo Silva ◽  
Eduardo Silva Ries ◽  
Girlene Figueiredo Maciel
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The State ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Temperature Trends ◽  
Annual Minimum Temperature ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Neste trabalho foram investigadas as tendências anuais de temperatura absoluta do ar máxima e mínima de seis estações meteorológicas convencionais do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia – INMET, localizadas no estado do Tocantins, para o período de 1961 a 2017. A análise de tendência foi realizada aplicando o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall. Os resultados indicam tendência significativa de aumento da temperatura máxima anual em todas as estações. A temperatura mínima anual também apresentou tendência positiva, porém com significância estatística apenas para as estações de Porto Nacional, Palmas e Taguatinga. Embora haja diferenças nas tendências entre as estações, verificou-se um aumento sistemático da temperatura máxima e mínima, especialmente a partir da década de 90. A maior taxa de crescimento da temperatura foi registrada na estação de Palmas, de 4,14 °C para a mínima e de 3,68 °C para a máxima, em um período de 23 anos. O aumento da temperatura mínima encontrados nesse trabalho evidencia que essas cidades estão passando por um processo de maior retenção de energia na forma de calor sensível durante a noite, possivelmente devido a substituição da cobertura da superfície terrestre, devido a maior dificuldade da troca de energia entre a superfície e a atmosfera. Palavras-chave: Mann-Kendall; detecção de tendências; mudanças climáticas.   ANNUAL TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS ABSTRACT: In this work, the annual trends in absolute and maximum air temperature of six conventional meteorological stations of the National Institute of Meteorology - INMET, located in the state of Tocantins, for the period from 1961 to 2017 were investigated. The trend analysis was performed using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test. The results indicate a significant trend of increasing the maximum annual temperature in all seasons. The annual minimum temperature also showed a positive trend, but with statistical significance only for the Porto Nacional, Palmas and Taguatinga stations. Although there are differences in trends between seasons, there was a systematic increase in maximum and minimum temperature, especially from the 90s. The highest rate of temperature growth was registered at Palmas station, from 4.14° C to the minimum and 3.68° C for the maximum, over a period of 23 years. The increase in the minimum temperature found in this work shows that these cities are going through a process of greater energy retention in the form of sensitive heat during the night, possibly due to the replacement of the Earth's surface coverage, due to the greater difficulty in exchanging energy between the surface and the atmosphere. Keywords: Mann-Kendall; trend detection; climate changes.

scholarly journals Climate trends in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabele B. Kruel ◽  
Monica C. Meschiatti ◽  
Gabriel C. Blain ◽  
Ana M. H. de Ávila
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Location Parameter ◽  
Temperature Series ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Changes in the frequency of occurrence of extreme weather events have been pointed out as a likely impact of global warming. In this context, this study aimed to detect climate change in series of extreme minimum and maximum air temperature of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, (1896 - 2011) and its influence on the probability of occurrence of these variables. We used the general extreme value distribution (GEV) in its stationary and non-stationary forms. In the latter case, GEV parameters are variable over time. On the basis of goodness-of-fit tests and of the maximum likelihood method, the GEV model in which the location parameter increases over time presents the best fit of the daily minimum air temperature series. Such result describes a significant increase in the mean values of this variable, which indicates a potential reduction in the frequency of frosts. The daily maximum air temperature series is also described by a non-stationary model, whose location parameter decreases over time, and the scale parameter related to sample variance rises between the beginning and end of the series. This result indicates a drop in the mean of daily maximum air temperature values and increased dispersion of the sample data.

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