scholarly journals Reflections on SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity) Vis-a-vis India’s “Guidelines on Cross Border Trade of Electricity”

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santa Bahadur Pun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Fait Accompli ◽  
The Government ◽  
Case Basis

Despite the Indo-Nepal Electric Power Trade, Cross Border Transmission and Grid Connectivity Agreement of October 2014 and despite the SAARC Framework Agreement on Energy Cooperation (Electricity) of November 2014, the Government of India issued the discriminatory Guidelines on Cross Border Trade of Electricity on December 5, 2016. The Guidelines provide preferential one-time approval for all entities with 51% or more Indian ownership wishing to export electricity from Nepal to India. All other entities, the Guidelines stated, had to undergo the case-to-case basis. Historically, such unilateral actions have always been the modus operandi of India. Despite the regular regional cooperation preaching by India, Nepal will have to, like the Tanakpur and Laxmanpur barrages, BUT accept India’s discriminatory December 2016 Guidelines as her fait accompli!   HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue No: 22Page: 1-4Uploaded date: January 14, 2018

scholarly journals Market Design for Multilateral Trade of Electricity in ASEAN: A Survey of  the Key Components and Feasibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-60
Author(s):  
Yanfei Li ◽  
Tsani Fauziah Rakhmah ◽  
Junichi Wada
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Market Design ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Member States ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Asean Countries

The member states of ASEAN have together identified a need to develop the ASEAN Power Grid and enable the multilateral cross-border trade of electricity in a coordinated manner within ASEAN. This has been set out in the ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC) 2016–25. Moving forward from the current situation, this paper reviews the key components and feasibility of establishing an interconnected and competitive multilateral electricity market within the ASEAN countries. An indicative roadmap is developed based on an in-depth survey of experts to profile an appropriate market design for the multilateral trade of electricity in the ASEAN.

scholarly journals Globalization and Economic Development: A Study of Nagaland

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Komol Singha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Informal Trade ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

With the emergence of globalization, economic integration among nations has become a necessity. Cross border trade is the most important medium of the current wave of globalization. In this process, knowingly or unknowingly the North East economy has emerged in to a new dimension of cross border trade (informal trade) with neighboring nations and that increases Social Welfare of the poor masses of the region. But the formal arrangements, like ‘Look East Policy’ stumbles the social welfare of the region. Border trade is the first and foremost important component of globalization and informal trade is multiple times more than the formal trade in this region. By this process, sustainable development is generated and it is visible now in this region. With the help of primary and secondary data, this paper tries to analyze the impact of globalization or cross border trade in the North East India (NEI). How far this globalization through cross border trade increases social welfare or generates sustainable economic development of the region is the core issue of this paper. For this purpose, the author has selected Nagaland as an area of study. Of late, the Government has initiated several pro-active measures to strengthen its economic growth further. In this direction, India’s Look East Policy is worth mentioning. Under this policy, India seeks economic cooperation with ASEAN and other neighbouring countries through the gateway of the North-Eastern Region. Despite initiatives of economic development, still the process is not heading towards the right direction. There are some institutional lacunae in this process. This paper is the modest attempt to highlight these lacunae and tries to recommend some feasible suggestions to overcome in this direction.

scholarly journals Reflections on India’s 2018 Guidelines on Cross Border Electricity Trading Vis-a-vis SAARC versus ASEAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Santa Bahadur Pun
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Electricity Trading ◽  
Electricity Trade

Despite the 2014 Indo-Nepal Electric Power Trade Agreement and the 2014 SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity), India issued two Guidelines within two years, one in 2016 and the other in 2018. After discussing the genesis of these two Guidelines, the author attempts to analyze the 2018 Guidelines. With India citing electricity trade as “issues of strategic, national and economic importance”, that was couched into “issues of international relations” in the 2018 Guidelines, this explains why the SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity) has made no headway at all in the last four years. The SAARC region, home of Buddha, Ashok, Akbar etc. may, perhaps, have to look east to the ASEAN on how electricity trading is done there. Electricity, besides being a strategic tool, is also an economic tool that should be used to uplift the quality of life of hundreds of millions of South Asians mired in deep poverty. Unless India takes the initiative akin to ASEAN, SAARC citizens will continue to wallow in that poverty!

Concerns and Prospects of Yuan’s Internationalization

2014 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
M. Zharikov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Reserve ◽  
Reserve Currency ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Chinese Yuan

The purpose of this article is to analyze Chinese Yuan and major international reserve currencies on the basis of particular criteria such as a currency’s use in settling cross-border trade and financial transactions. The author estimates the potential of Yuan’s convertibility and its achieving the status of an international reserve currency. The author lays out a background to assess the impact of these probabilities on stable and sustainable economic development in China itself. The conclusion is that the character of Yuan’s internationalization is strikingly different from similar examples of other currencies’ historic paths to an international reserve currency status in that it is closely controlled by the government.

Trade Promotion in Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59
Author(s):  
Peter Richter
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Poor Country ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade

Nepal, the small poor country in the Himalayas is aiming at a full integration into the global economy. The country is a founding member of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) and was the 147th member to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2004. Nevertheless, with regard to trade in goods Nepal is still facing a high and constantly growing trade deficit which reached mid-2015 a massive 32 percent of GDP, which can only be sustained through the remittances transfers from millions of migrant workers. Many emerging countries like in Asia for example Malaysia and Vietnam, also Least Developed Countries (LDCs) as Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar are following the same pattern: the trade sector propelled by foreign investment is selected as lead sector to impulse a fast catch-up development. Nepal is following this strategy; the Government adopted in 2010 the Nepal Trade Integration Strategy (NTIS) as its key instrument for export expansion envisaged by the Trade Policy 2009. In this context the questions is arising: Was the strategy successful or are at least steps in the right direction visible? Despite all efforts to improve export promotion performance, outward trade in goods showed already in the months before the 2015 earthquake a renewed weakened trend. Adding on the effects of the earthquake for 2014/15 a negative export growth of around 10% has shown up, which will further deepen 2015/16 caused by the on-going fuel crisis in the country. Still, principal export products –nearly unchanged since long time- are carpets, textiles and fabrics, garment and juices, all from the industrial sector. Under the conditions of a relatively weak industrial base (only 15% of GDP) and an unproductive agricultural sector (32% of GDP) it cannot surprise that export volumes achieved are not sufficient to overcome the existing trade deficit. The reasons are relatively small production volumes as well as the insufficient compliance with required international quality standards. Moreover, high transaction costs for cross-border trade and regulatory bureaucratic obstacles hinder the export-oriented trade. Other structural and institutional hindrances have to be added on. With so many bottlenecks with regard to supply side issues and the international marketing of goods, one has to come to the conclusion that the landlocked LDC Nepal will in the foreseeable future not be competitive in the international trade environment, with the exception of the cross-border trade with India. On the other hand, the export of labour services and tourism are sustaining and running the economy of the country. Therefore a radical change in the strategy of the country is indispensable and the focus has to be put on the export of services, including hydropower as the big potential sector of the future. Such a clear vision is still missing completely in Nepal.

scholarly journals Energy Banking with India : Path of Least Resistance

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Santa Bahadur Pun
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Framework Agreement ◽  
Energy And Environment ◽  
Hydroelectric Project ◽  
Surplus Energy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Power Trading

Once the 456 MW Upper Tamakoshi Hydroelectric Project is commissioned by the end of 2018, Nepal is expected to have surplus energy during the wet/monsoon season of 2019. Nepal’s Energy Ministry has decided to resolve this surplus issue through Energy Banking with India whereby Nepal exports her wet season power for India’s dry season import on “the same volume”. This is an extremely naïve assumption even if it is for the sake of mere negotiation. Discussing the short-sightedness of Energy Banking concept, this article stresses that Nepal should have, instead, activated the other two prevailing instruments of power trading, that of bilateral and regional 2014 Indo-Nepal Electric Power Trade, Cross-Border Transmission and Grid Connectivity Agreement and the 2014 SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity) respectively. Activating these two agreements would have ‘Open Sesame’-d the doors to Nepal’s growing hydropower capabilities – a win-win situation for both countries. HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue: 23Year: 2018

scholarly journals Swertia chirayita in Nepal Himalayas: Cultivation and Cross Border Trade to China

HIMALAYA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
Arjun Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Swertia Chirayita ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Government

For ethnic inhabitants in the rural areas, medicinal plants are not only the cultural, sacred medicinal ingredients of traditional medicine, part of traditional belief and biodiversity but also an important cash crop to support their livelihood. With the commercialization of traditional medicine and medicinal plant-based industries worldwide, Nepalese medicinal plants are in high demand. This photo essay presents the various steps from the cultivation to the cross-border trade of Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst., a traditional valuable medicinal plant, and a beautiful landscape of Nepal-China border. The essay contains fourteen photographs each described with captions in detail with the information collected during field work. The ethnographic study on cross border trade of medicinal plants was conducted in 2020 at Bhotkhola routes in the northeastern Nepal. Bhotkhola-Tibet border control in 2008 has politically ruptured the original link of traditional exchange among people, goods, and ideas by displacing the community from its everyday borderlands. However, the cross border trade is performed by traditional networks of Bhotiya communities such as rural ethnic inhabitants, farmers, small budget dealers, and traditional practitioners through formal and informal supply chains. The government authorities from both the countries are responsible for regulating, monitoring, and permitting medicinal plants supply from harvesters to cross-border traders.

scholarly journals DINAMIKA KESEPAKATAN PERDAGANGAN LINTAS BATAS ANTARA INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA DAN PENGEMBANGAN SENTRA KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN TERPADU (SKPT) SEBATIK DI KALIMANTAN UTARA

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Bayu Vita Indah Yanti ◽  
Umi Muawanah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Perdagangan lintas negara Malaysia - Indonesia telah berlangsung lebih dari 30 tahun sejak tahun 29170 dengan payung hukum kesepakatan perdagangan lintas negara (The Border Trade Agreement (BTA) Between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia). Pada tahun 2015, pemerintah melalui Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) memiliki kebijakan khusus untuk pengembangan ekonomi wilayah perbatasan pembangunan Sentra Kelautan dan Perikanan Terpadu (SKPT) di pulau-pulau kecil dan terluar. Pulau Sebatik merupakan salah satu lokasi perbatasan yang sangat strategis untuk dikembangkan dan karena alasan tersebut, lokasi ini menjadi salah satu lokasi dari SKPT. Pembangunan SKPT Sebatik secara tidak langsung diperkirakan dapat menimbulkan dampak terhadap perkembangan kerjasama sosial ekonomi Malaysia -Indonesia (Malindo), karena pembangunan SKPT memunculkan pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi baru di wilayah perbatasan Malindo. Tujuan paper ini membahas pengaruh Pengembangan SKPT Sebatik terhadap dinamika kesepakatan kerjasama perdagangan lintas batas Indonesia dan Malaysia. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan menganalisa data primer dan sekunder yang bersumber pada observasi lapangan, wawancara dan dokumen-dokumen kesepakatan kerjasama. Kajian menemukan bahwa kebijakan pembangunan dan pengembangan SKPT Sebatik diperkirakan akan memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kerjasama perdagangan lintas batas Indoensia Malayasi yang selanjutnya lebih dikenal Sosek Malindo. Pengembangan SKPT akan meningkatkan  nilai tawar posisi Indonesia dalam perundingan kerjasama sosial ekonomi Indonesia-Malaysia khususnya terkait perdagangan produk hasil perikanan lintas negara Indonesia dan Malaysia Tittle: The Dynamics of Border Trade Agreement between Indonesia – Malaysia and the Development Integrated Fishery Center ( SKPT) Sebatik in North KalimantanCross-country trade agreement between Malaysia-Indonesia has lasted more than 30 years since 1970s under The Border Trade Agreement (BTA) Between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of Malaysia. In 2015, the government  of Indonesia through the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) had a policy for the economic development of the border areas for the development of the Integrated Marine and Fisheries Center (SKPT) on small and outermost islands. Sebatik Island is a very strategic border location to be. Therefore, Sebatik was chosen as one of the locations of the SKPTs. The Sebatik SKPT development will indirectly influence the development of Malaysian-Indonesian (Malindo) socio-economic cooperation.  the SKPT development raises a new economic growth center in the Malindo border region. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effect of the Development of Sebatik SKPT on the dynamics of cross-border trade  agreements between Indonesia and Malaysia. The study uses qualitative method by analyzing primary and secondary data sourced from field observations, interviews and cooperation agreement documents. The study found that the development policy of the SKPT Sebatik is expected to have a positive influence on the cross-border Indonesian trade cooperation between Malaysia and Indonesia, which is later known as Sosek Malindo. The development of the SKPT will increase the bargaining value of Indonesia’s position in the Indonesia-Malaysia socio-economic cooperation negotiations, especially related to the trade of fishery products across Indonesia and Malaysia

scholarly journals Reflections on India’s ‘Guidelines on Cross Border Trade of Electricity’ Vis-a-vis Nepal’s ‘Electricity Development Decade 2016/’026’ and ‘2017/’018 Budget’

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Santa Bahadur Pun
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
Case Basis

Nepal unfurled her 10,000 MW in 10 years Electricity Development Decade 2016/’026 in February 2016 supposedly with one eye on her own domestic consumption but definitely with the other eye on India’s growing hungry market. India, for ‘strategic, national and economic’ reasons, issued her Guidelines on December 5, 2016 whereby preferential treatment is given to Indian entities that wish to export power from Nepal to India. While Indian entities with 51% or more ownership require a one-time approval, all other participating entities are eligible to participate on ‘case to case basis.’ The concerned authorities of Nepal, thick-skinned as they are, made no fuss at all about India’s Guidelines. In fact, Nepal held the 5th Power Summit on December 16, 2016 concluding that, though the 10,000 MW is ambitious, it is realistic and achievable. In the immediate aftermath in January 2017, the USAID financed Delhi-based IRADe launched its report in Kathmandu wherein the Nepalese media was all agog reporting ‘Nepal can earn Rs 1 Trillion a year by selling power.’ This was then followed by the Nepal Investment Summit jamboree in March 2017 that boasted of garnering 13.6 billion US$ foreign commitments. All these were then topped by the Nepal government’s 2017/’018 budget that sanguinely hiked up the “10,000 MW in 10 years’ to an inconceivable ‘17,000 MW in 7 years!’Sans the electricity regulatory commission, sans the Indo-Nepal downstream benefit sharing mechanism from storage projects and sans the huge required capital skillfully throttled by India’s Guidelines, Nepal’s 17,000 MW in 7 years is an extremely tall order, more likely to end up in the manner of Som Sharma’s sattu! HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 21, July, 2017Page: 5-10Upload Date: July 18, 2017

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