scholarly journals Design of Mini Grid for SHP Plants

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
S. N. Singh ◽  
M. P. Sharma ◽  
Ajit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Hydropower Project ◽  
Small Hydropower ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Selection Of

The supply of power to remote rural areas in India from Small Hydropower Projects (SHP)/renewable en-ergy power projects in cost effective and sustainable manner requires the optimum design of mini-grids. The present paper deals with the design of mini grids of nine SHP plants presently running in isolated mode only for 8 hrs/day wasting the energy of 16 hrs/day. Based on system layouts, transmission routing, line length and selection of conduc-tor, 5 different alternates of mini-grids were developed to connect these SHPs together as well as with the nearby 33 kV grid substations located at approximately 15, 17 and 9 km from nearby SHPs in order to improve the load factor. The optimization of these alternates on the basis of the Break Even Point (BEP) has indicated that Alternate-V has been found as optimum alternative for the study area with shortest line length, low line losses and minimum capital investment for the mini-grid implementation.Key words: Small Hydropower Project (SHP) station; Mini-grid; Remote rural areas; Break Even Point; IndiaDOI: 10.3126/hn.v7i0.4235Hydro Nepal Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentVol 7, July, 2010Page: 38-47Uploaded date: 31 January, 2011

Sustainability of Microbusinesses and Success of Microfinance

Paradigm ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Aradhana Chouksey ◽  
Yamini Karmarkar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
Training Need ◽  
Funding Resource ◽  
Selection Of

Emergence of microfinance facilities has raised self-employment opportunities for the disadvantaged group. There are many small and micro entrepreneurs who have started their business with funding support from microfinance agencies. Though this increased funding resource has increased the number of businesses that are started by entrepreneurs in rural areas, another important fact is that all these new businesses are not necessarily successful. In Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh (MP), only 20 per cent of businesses funded by microfinance agencies are profitable. There are multiple reasons behind this lack of success of microenterprises. There are paucity of information in selection of right opportunity, absence of technical assistance, lack of business knowledge and marketing and finance skills, which are few of them. This is an alarming sign for funding agencies as higher failure rate of microenterprises bound to jeopardize, the sustainability of the microfinance in long term and retard the development of region. This research conducted on microenterprises of Malwa region of MP tries to identify the specific training needs of microfinance clients. Further, this research tries to evaluate empirically what are the potential and sustainable microbusiness opportunities, which can be started and run by people of disadvantage groups. Empirical findings through a survey designed on a sample of 54 microenterprises of eight villages of Malwa region show that any microbusiness having higher ratio of working capital to fixed capital investment are successful in Malwa region. Also, it is found that the most important training need of these enterprises is in the field of ‘managing finance’ for small business.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Multi Functionality of a Small Hydropower Project at Padhu Khola, Kaski, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
Achyut Bhandari ◽  
Keshav Basnet ◽  
Nisha Pokharel ◽  
Kishor Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Nirmal Prasad Baral
Keyword(s):  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Hydropower Project ◽  
Hydropower Generation ◽  
Small Hydropower ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Selection Of

 Nepal has not utilized the potential of the water resources to the full extent. Systematic and wise development of such resources is of paramount importance for enjoying the maximum possible benefits. This study focused on the needs, challenges, and opportunities of new multifunctional small hydropower projects in Nepal. This study on Padhu Khola shows the possibility of incorporating other facilities along with hydropower for the locality’s socio-economic development. The selection of the best layout of the hydropower generation and distribution of other hydropower components showed that the stream Padhu Khola had a power potential of 1 MW. The economic analysis resulted in the benefit-cost ratio of freshwater aquaculture, drinking water plants to be 1.98 and 1.97 respectively. Other facilities like forestry, local employment facilities, and tourism development were found feasible and practicable.

Medical Literature Searches -How Many Bibliographic Databases are Needed for Sufficient Retrieval in Medical Topics?

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (03) ◽  
pp. 163-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. John
Keyword(s):  
Medical Literature ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Medical Faculty ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Literature Searches ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryAs many bibliographic services in medicine are offered, literature searches in eight databases at DIMDI were performed to find out which database is most important in medicine. The distribution of publications from members of the medical faculty of Frankfurt University was examined. No save prediction is possible as to which database will yield most articles. Overlapping from different databases is often rather low. The selection of an appropriate database mix for sufficient recall and in a cost-effective manner.is a task for an experienced searcher.

Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Agus Sudibyo ◽  
Sardjono Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Beta Carotene ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
Molecular Product ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional  functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role  in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the  most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci :    karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

Features of support of agriculture (the case of the Tyumen Region)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-48
Author(s):  
Aleksandra G. Balakhnina ◽  
Gulnara F. Romashkina
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
State Support ◽  
Budget Planning ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Programs

This article systematizes the legal framework, forms, and volumes of support for agriculture from the federal budget of Russia and the regional budget (on the example of the Tyumen Region). The authors have performed a detailed analysis of the directions of such support for 2016-2019. The historical, economic and social features of the relationship between the state and agriculture are shown. State support for agriculture is objectively necessary, and competent budget planning makes it possible to develop. However, the dominance of direct forms of spending support does not stimulate cost-effective and innovative activities, which in the future can bring the industry to a competitive level. There is very little and irregular support for social forms, the development of farming and other forms of private farming in rural areas. The authors conclude that the policy of state support is sufficiently provided by legislative acts, resolutions and state programs. Many programs are updated, and new versions are adopted even before the previous ones expire. Such strong volatility hurts strategic projects and agricultural initiatives. Less expensive forms of activity-mediation and trade turn profitable. Living conditions in the villages significantly stay behind in quality and opportunities, which leads to the human capital leaving rural areas. The authors propose to pay more attention to the development of indirect forms of support, to stimulate economic activity and small businesses.

scholarly journals Design Considerations and Selection of Cost-Effective Switched Reluctance Drive for Radiator Cooling Fans

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Ickjin Son ◽  
Grace Firsta Lukman ◽  
Mazahir Hussain Shah ◽  
Kwang-Il Jeong ◽  
Jin-Woo Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Switched Reluctance Motors ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Cooling Fan ◽  
Cooling Fans ◽  
Power Switches ◽  
Selection Of

Switched reluctance motors (SRMs) are simple in structure, easy to manufacture, magnet-less, brushless, and highly robust compared to other AC motors which makes them a good option for applications that operate in harsh environment. However, the motor has non-linear magnetic characteristics, and it comes with various pole-phase combinations and circuit topologies that causes many difficulties in deciding on which type to choose. In this paper, the viability of SRM as a low-cost, rugged machine for vehicle radiator cooling fan is considered. First, necessary design considerations are presented, then three commonly use types of SRM are analyzed: A 3-phase 6/4, 3-phase 12/8, and a 4-phase 8/6 to find their static and dynamic characteristics so the most suitable type can be selected. Simulation results show that the 8/6 SRM produces the highest efficiency with less phase current which reduces the converter burden. However, with asymmetric half bridge converter, eight power switches are required for 8/6 SRM and thus put a burden on the overall drive cost. As a solution, the Miller converter with only six switches for four phase SRM. To verify the proposed idea, the 8/6 SRM was manufactured and tested. The results show that Miller converter can be used for the proposed SRM with slightly reduced efficiency at 80.4%.

scholarly journals Parametric study of a proposed small hydropower project at Gurara-Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1877868
Author(s):  
Moses E. Emetere ◽  
Oluwaseyi Bello ◽  
S.A. Afolalu ◽  
A.O. Mamudu ◽  
L.M. Amusan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
Hydropower Project ◽  
Small Hydropower

Selecting Sanitation Solutions for Peri-urban Areas: A Case Study of Can Tho, Vietnam

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Carrard ◽  
Juliet Willetts ◽  
Cynthia Mitchell ◽  
Mick Paddon ◽  
Monique Retamal
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Asset Replacement ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Can Tho City ◽  
Sustainable Futures ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure ◽  
Selection Of

In peri-urban areas where infrastructure investments have not yet been made, there is a need to determine the most context-appropriate, fit for purpose and sustainable sanitation solutions. Decision makers must identify the optimal system scale (on the spectrum from centralized to community to cluster scale) and assess the long-term costs and socio-economic/environmental impacts associated with different options. Addressing both cost-effectiveness and sustainability are essential to ensure that institutions and communities are able to continue to bear the costs and management burden of infrastructure operation, maintenance and asset replacement. This paper describes an approach to sanitation planning currently being undertaken as a research study in Can Tho City in southern Vietnam, by the Institute for Sustainable Futures and Can Tho University in collaboration with Can Tho Water Supply and Sewerage Company. The aim of the study is to facilitate selection of the most context-appropriate, fit for purpose, cost effective and sustainable sanitation infrastructure solution. As such, the study compares a range of sanitation alternatives including centralized, decentralized (at household or cluster scale) and resource recovery options. This paper provides an overview of the study and considers aspects of the Can Tho and Vietnamese regulatory, development and institutional context that present drivers and challenges for comparison of options and selection of fit for purpose sanitation systems.

scholarly journals A Pioneering Tactic for Sustainable Waste Management: Design of a Cost-Effective Recycling Machine

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 03003
Author(s):  
A. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
General Public ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Project Study ◽  
Original Size ◽  
Assembly Operations

In this paper we discussed the new design, fabrication and testing of a mechanical can crusher taking into deliberation the force analysis and ergonomic factors that will enable people to use this mechanical can crusher especially in Botswana rural areas. The process of crushing cans is of vital importance as it saves a percentage of space for can disposal and also makes it easier for these cans to be transported to recycling centers or landfill areas. The methods and processes used to bring this project to life include welding, cutting, bending, drilling and assembly operations. This project study is mainly about generating a new concept of a mechanical can crusher that is compact to transport from one location to another and makes can crushing easy and fascinating to the general public so as to promote people buy into crushing in Sub-Sahara market. Even though there are numerous sorts of the mechanical would crusher be able to as of now in presence, this model provides a more practical usage than previous one with the desired mechanical advantage of 10, machinability to crush the entire cans to 25% of their original size and 100% efficiency for the entire rounds.

Numerical Simulation on Rupture Behavior and Selection of Safety Membranes

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Sheng ◽  
Zhang Jian ◽  
Xiaodong Yu
Keyword(s):  
Present Theory ◽  
Large Fluctuation ◽  
Surge Tank ◽  
Small Hydropower ◽  
Weak Points ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Safety Operation ◽  
Hydropower Stations ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Rupture Behavior

This present study deals with a new mechanical device consisting of a set of safety membranes, which has been successfully applied in several middle and small hydropower stations in China instead of a surge tank. Safety membranes are installed on the penstock near the powerhouse as controlled weak points. When the pressure caused by load rejection rises to the preset explosive value, one or more membranes rupture, protecting the penstock and the unit from damage. The device is simple, reliable and economical. The method of characteristics is employed to establish numerical model of safety membranes to simulate their rupture behavior, which is then introduced to investigate how to determine the number and diameter of membranes from two aspects, large fluctuation and hydraulic disturbance. The results show that the diameter of the membranes depends on the negative pressure along pipeline under hydraulic disturbance while the number of the membrane depends on the maximum water hammer pressure under large fluctuation during load rejection of the unit. The conclusion of membrane selection can perfect the present theory of safety membranes, and provide the theoretical guidance and practical basis for membrane device design and safety operation.

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