scholarly journals Status and future pathways of resin tapping in Nepal: Appeal for special attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-43
Author(s):  
Vivek Thapa Chhetri ◽  
Sachin Timilsina
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Upgrading Strategies ◽  
The Right

Resin tapping was pioneered five decades ago since the Laxmi Tapping industry started tapping in western Nepal in 1973. Resin tapping is acknowledged as a cost-effective, viable, and adjuvant source of income for rural people with the potentiality for payment for ecosystem services (PES) outside the resin tapping period. This paper explores the SWOT analysis of resin tapping and future pathways to improve this enterprise in Nepal. The systematic and comprehensive literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus; and PRISMA flowchart summarizes the search strategy of the literature survey. SWOT analysis concludes that resin tapping has more strengths and opportunities, but this enterprise is currently under threat due to the shutting down of many resin enterprises with royalty hikes and no incentive. Poor tapping techniques lead to the depletion of pine resources in the long term, so the weakness of the rill method should be counteracted by the modern, cost-effective, more efficient borehole method practiced in many developed countries for resin production. Implementation of the proper policy framework, provision of incentives for enterprise, and sufficient research to create a knowledge base about resin tapping is an urgent need to minimize threats and pedal this enterprise in the right direction. We insist policymakers and stakeholders adopt the integrated forest-based enterprise approach for enabling environment in resin tapping and recommend nine promising value chain upgrading strategies as pragmatic endorsements to execute this enterprise in the long run.

PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR SECARA SPASIAL TERHADAP KONVERGENSI PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

INFO ARTHA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Anisa Fahmi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Road Infrastructure ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Neoclassical Growth Theory

Motivated by inter-regional disparities condition that occurs persistently, this study examines the Indonesian economy in the long run in order to know whether it tends to converge or diverge. This convergence is based on the Solow Neoclassical growth theory assuming the existence of diminishing returns to capital so that when the developed countries reach steady state conditions, developing countries will continuously grow up to 'catch-up' with developed countries. Based on regional economics perspective, each region can not be treated as a stand-alone unit,therefore, this study also focuses on the influence of spatial dependency and infrastructure. Economical and political situations of a region will influence policy in that region which will also have an impact to the neighboring regions. The estimation results of spatial cross-regressive model using fixed effect method consistently confirmed that the Indonesian economy in the long term will likely converge with a speed of 8.08 percent per year. Other findings are road infrastructure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment and road infrastructure are spatially showed a positive effect on economic growth. In other words, the investment and infrastructure of a region does not only affect the economic growth of that region but also to the economy of the contiguous regions. 

scholarly journals Anti-meningococcal B vaccination in Italian adolescents: a cost-effective health opportunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Panatto ◽  
P Landa ◽  
D Amicizia ◽  
P L Lai ◽  
E Lecini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dose Schedule ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
International Setting ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Invasive disease due to Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) is a serious public health problem even in developed countries, owing to its high lethality rate (8-15%) and the invalidating sequelae suffered by many (up to 60%) survivors. As the microorganism is transmitted via the airborne route, the only available weapon in the fight against Nm invasive disease is vaccination. Our aim was to carry out an HTA to evaluate the costs and benefits of anti-meningococcal B (MenB) vaccination with Trumenba® in adolescents in Italy, while also considering the impact of this new vaccination strategy on organizational and ethics aspects. Methods A lifetime Markov model was developed. MenB vaccination with the two-dose schedule of Trumenba® in adolescents was compared with 'non-vaccination'. Two perspectives were considered: the National Health Service (NHS) and society. Three disease phases were defined: acute, post-acute and long-term. Epidemiological, economic and health utilities data were taken from Italian and international literature. The analysis was conducted by means of Microsoft Excel 2010®. Results Our study indicated that vaccinating adolescents (11th year of life) with Trumenba® was cost-effective with an ICER = € 7,912/QALY from the NHS perspective and € 7,758/QALY from the perspective of society. Vaccinating adolescents reduces the number of cases of disease due to meningococcus B in one of the periods of highest incidence of the disease, resulting in significant economic and health savings. Conclusions This is the first study to evaluate the overall impact of free MenB vaccination in adolescents both in Italy and in the international setting. Although cases of invasive disease due to meningococcus B are few, if the overall impact of the disease is adequately considered, it becomes clear that including anti-meningococcal B vaccination into the immunization program for adolescents is strongly recommended from the health and economic standpoints. Key messages Free, large-scale MenB vaccination is key to strengthening the global fight against invasive meningococcal disease. Anti-meningococcal B vaccination in adolescents is a cost-effective health opportunity.

scholarly journals A comparative study on the costs and returns of organic vs. inorganic farming practices at selected areas near Dhaka, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Md Arafat Islam ◽  
Nazmul Ahsan Khan ◽  
Raisa Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Effective Choice

Inorganic farming is the norm in most areas of Bangladesh today, especially at croplands near Bangladesh’s capital - Dhaka. However, several recent studies have shown that such practices cause soil degradation overtime, consequently leading to long-term harm to the environment and economic profits. This long-term cost is often avoided by most farmers as inorganic farming is believed to fetch increased productivity/monetary gains, than its environmentally friendly, organic counterpart: the primary aim of this research was to find out the validity of this belief. The research used literature review and analysis of primary data collected about input costs, returns, crop yields, environmental effects, etc., from sixty respondents (mostly farmers and consumers involved in both types of farming), using one-on-one structured interviews, and three focus group discussions at the selected areas of Savar, Sreenagar and Rupganj, focusing primarily on two popular crops – tomato and corn; graphical and tabular analyses were conducted using MS Excel to propose interpretations and record findings. Keeping all other things constant and internalizing environmental externalities, while organic farming was found to produce around 50% and 33% less tomatoes and corns in net terms, respectively, than inorganic farming, the input costs and returns from one cycle of production were found to be lower (50%) and higher (around 200USD), respectively. Hence, from a long-run perspective, organic farming was concluded as the more cost-effective choice both in economic and environmental terms, given that the Dhaka market for organic products are managed better by the producers, consumers and government, alike. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(2): 289-299, August 2019

scholarly journals Behavioral and electrophysiological auditory processing measures in traumatic brain injury after acoustically controlled auditory training: a long-term study

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Calsolari Figueiredo ◽  
Adriana Neves de Andrade ◽  
Andréa Tortosa Marangoni-Castan ◽  
Daniela Gil ◽  
Italo Capraro Suriano
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Long Run ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the long-term efficacy of acoustically controlled auditory training in adults after tarumatic brain injury. Methods A total of six audioogically normal individuals aged between 20 and 37 years were studied. They suffered severe traumatic brain injury with diffuse axional lesion and underwent an acoustically controlled auditory training program approximately one year before. The results obtained in the behavioral and electrophysiological evaluation of auditory processing immediately after acoustically controlled auditory training were compared to reassessment findings, one year later. Results Quantitative analysis of auditory brainsteim response showed increased absolute latency of all waves and interpeak intervals, bilaterraly, when comparing both evaluations. Moreover, increased amplitude of all waves, and the wave V amplitude was statistically significant for the right ear, and wave III for the left ear. As to P3, decreased latency and increased amplitude were found for both ears in reassessment. The previous and current behavioral assessment showed similar results, except for the staggered spondaic words in the left ear and the amount of errors on the dichotic consonant-vowel test. Conclusion The acoustically controlled auditory training was effective in the long run, since better latency and amplitude results were observed in the electrophysiological evaluation, in addition to stability of behavioral measures after one-year training.

scholarly journals Macroeconomic Policy and Agricultural Value Chain in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Martins Iyoboyi ◽  
Samuel Felix Okereke ◽  
Latifah Musa-Pedro
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Macroeconomic Policy ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship

The objective of the paper was to investigate macroeconomic policy and agricultural value chain in Nigeria. The period covered is 1981–2016. The analysis is based on the autoregressive distributed lag framework. A long-run equilibrium relationship was found among the variables used in the investigation. Government expenditure and broad money supply (the macroeconomic policy variables used) were found to have significant positive impact on the agricultural value chain. Energy was found to also have a direct statistically significant impact on agricultural value chain. Based on the results, it is recommended that there should be an enabling macroeconomic policy framework, which gives emphasis to improved budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector, increases money supply, and promotes agencies that can directly impact the level of finance to agricultural value chain related businesses in Nigeria. Above all, electricity supply should be enhanced.

scholarly journals Using traditional ecological knowledge in discovery of rare plants: a case study from Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Attila Molnár V. ◽  
Kristóf Süveges ◽  
Zsolt Molnár ◽  
Viktor Löki
Keyword(s):  
Rare Plants ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Long Run ◽  
New Information ◽  
Kitchen Gardens ◽  
New Locations

<p>Sustainable (and adaptive) management of natural resources is usually based on long term local experiences with nature. Local traditional communities often possess rich ecological knowledge connected to nature and traditional resource use and management. This knowledge can provide unexpected new information for researchers, and show new opportunities and ways for professionals in conserving rare and threatened species.</p><p>We found significant new populations of the rare <em>Ophrys lesbis</em> in a private area next to the settlement of Çamlık, Muğla, and <em>Orchis punctulata</em> in the graveyard of Kadılar, Antalya with the help of local rural people. We firstly report the replanting of some orchid species (<em>Orchis papilionacea</em>, <em>O. italica</em>, and <em>Barlia robertiana</em>) in kitchen gardens of Çamlık and Bayır, in Muğla Province.</p><p>The presence of significant orchid populations (e.g., the biggest ever found for <em>Ophrys lesbis</em>) in an area, where local owners have been actively harvesting salep from year to year for decades suggests that the moderate salep harvesting can be sustainable for long run. Based on our observations, Turkish salep harvesters can help botanists and conservationists find new locations of rare threatened orchid populations, and therefore indirectly help in conserve these populations.</p>

scholarly journals Health impact assessment in Nigeria: An initiative whose time has come

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus A. Chilaka ◽  
Ibiangake Ndioho
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Healthy Public Policy ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Right

Health Impact Assessment (HIA) is increasingly applied in many developed countries as a tool for advancing healthy public policy. This research was carried out to obtain a HIA situation report for Nigeria and to assess ways of enhancing the use of HIA to promote healthy public policy. Semi structured questionnaires were administered both online and by hand to health and nonhealth professionals in Nigeria. Inferential statistics was used in the analysis of the 510 responses that were received. Only 29% of the respondents had ever heard about HIA; similarly, only 19.3% of those who were aware of HIA had received any form of HIA training. However, 93.2% of respondents were convinced that HIA would be beneficial to the Nigerian health system. Using the approach of SWOT Analysis to discuss the findings, this research concludes that the time has now come, and the right conditions are in place, for the integration of Health Impact Assessment into public policy in Nigeria. Raising awareness and political commitment are the two major strategies to help drive this agenda forward.

A theory of global economic growth in the very long-run: is a grand innovation slowdown inevitable?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (53) ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Gomulka
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
Qualitative Changes

AbstractThe paper shows how the original semi endogenous and balanced growth model of Phelps (1966), and my extended version of it (Gomulka, 1990), could be useful in explaining the key ‘stylized facts’ of global long-term growth so far, and in predicting its dynamics in the future. During the last two centuries the sector of R&D and education, producing qualitative changes, has been expanding in the world’s most developed countries much faster than the sector producing conventional goods. The extended model is used to explore and evaluate. the consequences for the global long-term growth of the end of this unbalanced growth, of the completion of the catching up by most of the world’s less developed countries, and of the expected eventual stabilization of the size of the world population. The theory yields a thesis, new in the literature, that the rate of global per capita GDP growth will eventually return to the historically standard very low level, thus implying that the world’s technological revolution is going to be an innovation super-fluctuation.

Promoting Universal Social Policy in MICs

2020 ◽  
pp. 158-182
Author(s):  
Juliana Martínez Franzoni ◽  
Diego Sánchez-Ancochea
Keyword(s):  
Policy Design ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Political Struggles ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Most middle-income countries have the financial and institutional resources to reduce poverty and inequality and improve social capabilities. But what is the right policy approach to secure these goals? We argue that to be effective and successful, social policies should be universal, providing the whole population with similar, generous transfers and services. To explore how universal policies can be implemented, we distinguish between the desired policy outputs (coverage, generosity, and equity) and the specific ways to secure them. We then introduce the concept of the policy architecture and analyze its influence on long-term trajectories. The chapter considers the impact of different trajectories on universalism in the long run, distinguishing between a bottom-up strategy that starts from the poor or other alternatives that involve the non-poor from the onset. We conclude the chapter with a call for more research on the interactions between policy design and political struggles.

Renal Calculi-Prevalence, Risk Factors and Dietary Management:A Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Madhvi Awasthi ◽  
Sumati Rekha Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Urinary Volume ◽  
Warm Climate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Right ◽  
Counseling And Guidance

Civilizations have been suffered by renal calculi/calculi since centuries. Vedas have named calculi as Ashamari. Literature has described renal calculi as "The silent cause of renal failure". The prevalence of this ailment is not limited to India but to whole world. People not only from developing countries are suffering from this renal calculi but this ailment is wide spread in developed countries too. Studies have indicated that renal calculi mostly affects the most productive years of life i.e. 30-40 years of age. Males suffer more from renal calculi as compared to females. Metabolism, socioeconomic and dietary factors directly or indirectly has been responsible for this suffering. Nutrition is the key determinant in calculi formation. The increase in frequency of calculi is closely related to the genetic and environmental factors namely fluid intake, low urinary volume and high urine concentration due to warm climate, immobilization, occupation and certain medications. Metabolic disorders, heredity, water supply, alcohol consumption and smoking often have been blamed for calculi formation. More interesting fact is that calculi pass to generations. If proper counseling and guidance is provided to sufferers at the right time regarding dietary management depending upon the stage of the disease and condition of the patient, it can be proved to be helpful in preventing further complications including recurrence in the long run.

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