scholarly journals Exogenous Melatonin Ameliorates Pontine Histoarchitecture and Associated Oxidative Damage in Sodium Fluoride Induced Toxicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Sulaimon Fatimo Ajoke ◽  
Okesina Akeem Ayodeji ◽  
Imam Abubakar Leken ◽  
Usman Ruqayyah Yetunde ◽  
Ibrahim-Abdulkareem Rukayat Abiodun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Glutathione Reductase ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
The Brain

Background: Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a highly consumed food additive, that is capable of disrupting the activities of several brain areas. whether this compound affects the autonomic activities of the brain is unclear. Objective: Therefore, the study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potentials of exogenous melatonin on sodium fluoride-induced pontine toxicity in adult male Wistar rats, as melatonin has been implicated to have a high concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid of injured brains. Method: Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8, per group). Groups I, II.III and IV received 0.2 ml of normal saline (NS), 500 ppm of sodium fluoride (NaF) via their drinking water, 10 mg/kg melatonin (MLT), and melatonin with sodium fluoride concurrently (MLT+NaF) respectively for fourteen days. At the end of these treatments, the rats were euthanized and brainstem tissues were excised for histological, histochemical, and biochemical analyses.  Results: There were shreds of evidence of DNA fragmentation, vacuolation, dispersion of the Nissl bodies, and axonal disruption in the cells of the basilar pons of the sodium fluoride-treated animals; this was coupled with high concentrations of malondialdehyde and low-level concentrations of glutathione reductase. Melatonin, however, was observed to limit neuronal injury in the cells of the basilar pons in the experimental animals by reducing the extent of cells undergoing process pyknosis, chromatolysis, and demyelination. Also, melatonin was able to reduce the concentration of malondialdehyde and increase glutathione reductase activities in the pons. Conclusion: This study revealed that sodium fluoride injured the pontine histoarchitecture, and induced oxidative damage which were ameliorated by exogenous melatonin treatments.  

scholarly journals Curcumin Reduce Sodium Fluoride-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagapuri Kiran Kumar ◽  
Mesram Nageshwar ◽  
Karnati Pratap Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Oxidative Stress Markers ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
The Brain

This study reports the ameliorative role of curcumin against sodium fluoride (NaF) induced oxidative stress in the brain of rats. The rats were divided into control, NaF (20 mg/kg), NaF+Curcumin (20mg/kg) and Curcumin (20mg/kg) groups respectively and treated at everyday interval for 60 consecutive days. Oxidative stress markers in the brain were measured at 60th day. NaF treatment significantly increased LPO content, but decreased the level of GSH and activities of SOD, GPx, and CAT the brain of rats in comparison to the control rats. Oral administration of curcumin to fluoride exposed rats significantly reversed the content of lipid peroxidation, as well as enhanced the level of GSH and SOD, GPx and CAT activities to normal compared to NaF exposed rats. Thus, curcumin showed the potential to prevent sodium fluoride induced oxidative damage in the brain of rats and curcumin may be useful agents against neurodegeneration in the brain.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate–energy restriction may protect the rat brain against oxidative damage and improve physical performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. de Oliveira ◽  
D. B. Diniz ◽  
J. Amaya-Farfan
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Energy Restriction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Protein Damage ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Brain

Chronic energy restriction, α-tocopherol supplementation and their interaction with exhaustive exercise were investigated. Eleven-week-old male Wistar rats (n 6×10) were fed either a control (C), a 30 % carbohydrate-energy-restricted control (R) or an α-tocopherol-supplemented (S) diet for 5 months. The animals in each diet were divided into exercised (E) and non-exercised (NE) groups. Before killing, the exercised rats were required to run to exhaustion (39 (SE 6), 69 (se 11) and 18 (se 2) min for the C, R and S groups, respectively). Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; TBARS), protein damage (reactive carbonyls) and α-tocopherol were determined in gastrocnemius, liver, brain an/r plasma. There was no difference in lipid peroxidation between the R and C groups, but in liver and muscle peroxidation appeared significantly lower in the S than the other two diets. TBARS in the brain were similar in all groups. On the other hand, reactive carbonyls showed that both the R and S diets reduced protein damage in the brain, while exhaustive exercise increased it. For liver and muscle, however, reactive carbonyl levels were similar in all groups. α-Tocopherol supplementation increased the vitamin concentrations in liver, muscle and plasma, but exercise decreased them in plasma and brain. Carbohydrate-energy restriction increased (P=0·0025) resistance to exhaustive exercise considerably without depleting stores of α-tocopherol or exacerbating oxidative damage in monitored tissues. It is concluded that while exhaustive exercise promotes a tissue-specific oxidative damage detectable only in brain proteins, both experimental diets tended to ameliorate this condition.

ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION IN HUMAN BRAIN TISSUES

1999 ◽  
Vol 09 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 259-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ISHIHARA ◽  
A. M. EKTESSABI ◽  
T. HANAICHI ◽  
T. TAKEUCHI ◽  
Y. FUJITA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Aluminum Accumulation ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Tissues

Normal cell functions of the brain are often impaired by an excess accumulation of metal ions. There have been increasing efforts in recent years to measure and quantify excessive accumulations of biological constituent elements (such as Fe , Zn , Cu , and Ca ), as well as the presence and distribution of contaminating elements (such as Al ) in the brain tissues. Since Al might be associated with cases of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and amiotrophic lateral screlosis (ALS), it is very important to measure and quantify Al levels using precise analytical techniques. The aim of this investigation is to measure the Al contents present in the temporal cortises for three cases. The specimens concerned were taken from unfixed autopsy brains, which have been preserved in a deep freezer at -80°C. A tandem type accelerator of 2 MeV energy was used to measure the concentrations of Al in these specimen tissues. In order to increase the sensitivity of the signals in the low energy region of the spectra, the absorber was removed. The results show that peak intensity depends on the site measured. In certain cases, however, an extremely high concentration of Al was observed in PIXE spectra, with an intensity higher than those of the other major elements present in the brain. Samples from the same subjects were also analyzed using EPMA-EDX. X-ray maps produced by EPMA-EDX showed the presence of extremely high concentrations of Al . The results yielded by PIXE analysis was in good qualitative agreement with those from EPMA-EDX.

scholarly journals Oral mucosa changes associated with chronic oral and inhalation exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxiacetic acid (2,4-D) in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-757
Author(s):  
José Luiz Santos Parizi ◽  
Gisele Aparecida Sales de Mello Odorizzi ◽  
Grace Mitiko Rosati Hori Sato ◽  
Isabela Bocardi Patrão ◽  
Gisele Alborghetti Nai
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Experimental Simulation ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
High Concentrations

Abstract The respiratory tract and the oral mucosa are the first areas contaminated by pesticides. The herbicide dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used pesticide across the world for both crops and gardens. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral mucosal damage after an experimental simulation of chronic oral and inhalational environmental exposure to 2,4-D formulation. Eighty male Wistar rats were exposed to three distinct concentrations of 2,4-D formulation (low—187.17 mg/m3; medium—313.31 mg/m3; and high—467.93 mg/m3). Oral exposure (through contaminated feed) or inhalation exposure lasted 6 months. Rat tongues were collected for cyto- and histopathology. There was a difference between exposure groups in the intensity of tissue congestion. Most rats exposed to 2,4-D presented mucosal inflammation at both cytology and histology (P < 0.05). Hyperkeratosis only occurred in rats exposed orally at the high concentration. There was an increase in the number of nucleoli-organizing regions in the dorsal epithelium as the 2,4-D concentration increased (P < 0.001). The inhalation route was more associated with increased mitosis figures and nucleoli-organizing region count (P < 0.05). Chronic oral and inhalation exposure to high concentrations of 2,4-D formulation caused an increase in the proliferation rate and thickness of the tongue epithelium and stimulated the inflammatory response in the tissue.

scholarly journals Histochemical assessment of Moringa – oleifera oil and walnut oil on cadmium induced lateral geniculate body damage in developing male Wistar rats (Rattus novergiccus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1593-1605
Author(s):  
O.D. Omotoso ◽  
S.A. Adelakun ◽  
B.P. Akwu ◽  
E. Ogbonna ◽  
I.J. Idomeh
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Body ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Moringa Oleifera Oil ◽  
The Brain

The brain is vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high oxygen consumption. This Study investigate the effects of cadmium on the lateral geniculate body of developing male wistar rats and ameliorative potential of Moringa oleifera seed oil and walnut oil extracts. Seven groups of five animals each were used in this experiment. Group A received 3ml of 0.9% normal saline; group B received 2.5mg/kg bw of 3CdSO4.8H2O, group C received 5mg/kg bw vitamin C & 6mg/kg bw vitamin E, group D received 5mg/kg bw vitamin C & 6mg/kg bw vitamin E + 2.5mg/kg bw Cd, group E received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 4mg/kg bw Moringa oleifera oil, group F received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 4mg/kg bw walnut oil, while group G received 2.5mg/kg bw Cd + 2mg/kg bw walnut + 2mg/kg bw Moringa oleifera oil concomitantly for 3weeks. Parameter tested includes LDH, G6PD in brain tissues, SOD and GPx enzymes in brain homogenates and serum and cresyl fast violet stain in the brain tissues. Cd administration significantly increased SOD, GPx, LDH and decreased G6PD level in brain tissue and decreased their activity in serum when compared with Group A control rats. There was marked reduction and lost in the distribution of nissl substances of the studied tissues of Cd administered animals. However, administration of vitamin C & E, walnut and Moringa oleifera oil restored damaged tissues. Walnut and Moringa oleifera seed oil therefore attenuated the oxidative damage and morphological changes induced by cadmium in the lateral geniculate body of the brain of the young male wistar rats.Key Words: Lateral geniculate body, Antioxidant, Histochemical, Cadmium, Oxidative Damage

scholarly journals Epigenetic-mediated N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor changes in the brain of isolated reared rats

Epigenomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 1983-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Marcelino Loureiro ◽  
Helene Aparecida Fachim ◽  
Fabiana Corsi-Zuelli ◽  
Rosana Shuhama ◽  
Sâmia Joca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Isolation Rearing ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Receptor Mrna ◽  
Aspartate Receptor ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Brain

Aim: We investigated: Grin1, Grin2a, Grin2b DNA methylation; NR1 and NR2 mRNA/protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC); and hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to isolation rearing. Materials & methods: Animals were kept isolated or grouped (n = 10/group) from weaning for 10 weeks. Tissues were dissected for RNA/DNA extraction and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, ELISA and pyrosequencing. Results: Isolated-reared animals had: decreased mRNA in PFC for all markers, increased NR1 protein in hippocampus and hypermethylation of Grin1 in PFC and Grin2b in hippocampus, compared with grouped rats. Associations between mRNA/protein and DNA methylation were found for both brain areas. Conclusion: This study indicates that epigenetic DNA methylation may underlie N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mRNA/protein expression alterations caused by isolation rearing.

scholarly journals Toxicity effects of Ciprofloxacin on biochemical parameters, histological characteristics, and behaviors of Corbicula fluminea in different substrates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Guo ◽  
Chenghong Feng ◽  
Zhe Bi ◽  
Akhtar Islam ◽  
Yanpeng Cai
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Corbicula Fluminea ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Biomarker Response ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Abstract Antibiotic toxicity and antibiotic resistance have become significant challenges to human health. However, the potential ecotoxicity of sediment-associated antibiotics remains unknown. In this study, the biochemical responses, histological changes, and behavioral responses of Corbicula fluminea (C. fluminea) exposed to sediment-associated ciprofloxacin (CIP) were systemically investigated. Special attention was paid to the influence of different substrate types. Biochemical analyses revealed that the balance of the antioxidant system was disrupted, eventually leading to oxidative damage to the gills and digestive gland with increasing CIP concentration. Severe histopathological changes appeared along with the oxidative damage. An enlargement of the tubule lumen and thinning of the epithelium in the digestive gland were observed under exposure to high CIP concentrations (0.5 and 2.5 µg/g CIP). In a behavioral assay, the siphoning of C. fluminea in the high concentration exposure groups was clearly inhibited. Moreover, from the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, the toxicity response gradients of the digestive gland (no substrate–NOS > Sand > Sand and kaolinite clay– SKC > Sand, kaolinite clay, and organic matter–SCO) and gills (NOS > SCO > SKC > Sand) were different among substrate exposure groups. The most serious histopathological damage and highest siphoning inhibition were observed in the NOS group. The changes in the morphological structure of digestive gland cells in C. fluminea were similar in the other three substrate groups. The inhibition of the filtration rate in the higher concentration groups decreased in the order Sand > SKC > SCO.

Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafer Sahin ◽  
Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽  
Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽  
Ahmet Ozkaya ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

The Toxicity of Castor Beans and its Treatment with Doxycycline in Local Rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nael Mohammed Sarheed ◽  
Osamah Faisal Kokas ◽  
Doaa Abd Alabas Muhammed Ridh
Keyword(s):  
Castor Bean ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Doxycycline Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Physiological Tests ◽  
Animal House ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The plant of castor is widely spread in the Iraqi land, and characterized with containing ricin toxin, which has a very serious effects, and because the seeds of this plant scattered in the agricultural soil and rivers water, which increases the exposure of humans and animals to these beans. Objective: This experiment was designed to study the effect of high concentration of castor bean powder in some physiological and biochemical parameters and changes in some tissues of the body, as well as trying to use doxycycline to reduce the effects of ingestion of these seeds. Materials and Methods: In the experiment, 24 local rabbits were raised and fed in the Animal House of the Faculty of Medicine / Al-Muthanna University, then divided into four groups and treated for three weeks (21 days), Control group: treated with normal saline solution (0.9) orally throughout the experiment, G1: was treated orally with a concentration of 25 mg / kg of castor bean powder daily during the experiment, G2 : orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor bean and 25 mg / kg of doxycycline, G3: orally treated 25 mg / kg of castor powder with 50 mg / kg of doxycycline daily throughout the trial period. Results: The results of the experiment showed significant changes (P less than 0.05) in all physiological and biochemical blood tests when compared with control group. There was a significant decrease in PCV, Hb, RBC, T.protein and body weights, while demonstrated a significant increase in WBC, Urea, Creatinine, ALT, AST and ALP, with distortions in liver and kidney of animals that treated with Castor beans. In contrast, the treatment with doxycycline and caster beans showed significant improvement reflected by a normal proportion in physiological tests and biochemical tests with improvement in the tissues when compared to control group. Conclusions: It can be concluded from this study that castor bean has high toxic and pathogenic effects that may be dangerous to the life of the organism. Therefore, it is advisable to be cautious of these pills and avoid exposure to them, also recommended to take high concentrations of doxycycline treatment when infected with castor bean poisoning.

Native Ubiquitin Structural Changes Resulting from Complexation with β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Mae Wilson ◽  
Aurora Burkus-Matesevac ◽  
Samuel Maddox ◽  
Christopher Chouinard
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Noncovalent Complex ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Protein Size ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Critical Binding ◽  
Protein Response ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative (ND) symptoms following chronic environmental exposure through water and dietary sources. The brains of those affected by this condition, often referred to as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC), have exhibited the presence of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) from protein aggregation. Although numerous studies have sought to better understand the correlation between BMAA exposure and onset of ND symptoms, no definitive link has been identified. One prevailing hypothesis is that BMAA acts a small molecule ligand, complexing with critical proteins in the brain and reducing their function. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of BMAA exposure on the native structure of ubiquitin. We hypothesized that formation of a Ubiquitin+BMAA noncovalent complex would alter the protein’s structure and folding and ultimately affect the ubiquitinproteasome system (UPS) and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Ion mobility-mass spectrometry revealed that at sufficiently high concentrations BMAA did in fact form a noncovalent complex with ubiquitin, however similar complexes were identified for a range of additional amino acids. Collision induced unfolding (CIU) was used to interrogate the unfolding dynamics of native ubiquitin and these Ubq-amino acid complexes and it was determined that complexation with BMAA led to a significant alteration in native protein size and conformation, and this complex required considerably more energy to unfold. This indicates that the complex remains more stable under native conditions and this may indicate that BMAA has attached to a critical binding location.

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