Taenia solium Prevalence in Nepal: A Retrospective Review

Taenia solium is a zoonotic cestode parasite which causes cysticercosis in human and porcine cysticercosis in pigs. The infective stage of T. solium develops in pig while that of T. saginata develop in cattle and buffalo. The adult stages of T. solium are obligatory intestinal parasites for man. In humans the cysticercus larvae commonly encyst in the brain, causing neurocysticercosis. The disease was first described in pig by Aristophanes and Aristotle in 3rd century B.C. In Nepal, Taenia cysts were observed for first time in pork meat slaughtered in Kangeswari, Kathmandu more than 30 years ago. T. solium is the cause of 30% of epilepsy cases in many endemic areas where people and roaming pigs live in close proximity. More than 50 million of the world’s populations are infected worldwide and 50000 die from Neurocysticercosis yearly. In Nepal, the prevalence ranges from 0.002-0.1% in general population. Accurate diagnosis required detailed post mortem examination involving slicing of affected tissue to determine the viability of cysts. Cysticerci occur most commonly in striated muscles tissues and brain of pigs. The application of vaccination with TSOL18 recombinant vaccine along with oral medication of oxfendazole can reduces the transmission by pigs whereas use of niclosamide is found effective in humans. Hence the use of medication eventually reduces the incidence of neurocysticercosis in human and procine cysticercosis in pigs.

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Accurate diagnosis of lesions suspected of being caused by Taenia solium in body organs of pigs with naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0007408 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. e0007408 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Charles G. Gauci ◽

Chrisostom Ayebazibwe ◽

Zachary Nsadha ◽

Chris Rutebarika ◽

Ishab Poudel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Taenia Solium ◽

Accurate Diagnosis ◽

Porcine Cysticercosis

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INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN 2013-2014 BY DIRECT EXAMINATION AND IMMUNOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2016.3.16 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 105-111

Author(s):

Nu Phuong Anh Ton ◽

Thi Minh Chau Ngo

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Parasite ◽

Intestinal Parasites ◽

Clonorchis Sinensis ◽

Taenia Solium ◽

University Hospital ◽

High Rate ◽

Intestinal Helminth ◽

Direct Examination ◽

Life Condition ◽

Parasite Infections

Introduction: Intestinalparasite infections still are very common in tropical country such as Vietnam. Therefore evaluation of the prevalence of them should be done. Materials and methods: A crosssectional descriptivestudy were carried out to use the wet mount direct examination, Kato and ELISA technique for evaluation the rate of intestinal parasite infections, interviewed them to reveal their life’s hygenic condition, knowledge and risk behaviour of intestinal parasite infections in 640 patients attending to the in Hue University of hospital. Result: The rate of soiltransmitted intestinal helminth were lower than the foodborne infection of cestode and trematode such as: Taenia solium/saginata 3.64%, Clonorchis sinensis 2.73%. The rate of positive antibody of rare intestinal parasite were Fasciola gigantica 40.68%, E. histolytica/dispar 43.75%, Toxocara canis 32.43%, Gnasthostoma spinigerum 37.5%, Taenia solium 51.43%, Strongyloidesstercoralis 16.67%. Most of people has hygenic life condition with hygenic water available. The popular knowledge of intestinal parasite diseases of transmission, pathology, prevention and treatment were concentrate on oiltransmittedintestinal helminth.There were high rate of platyhelminths infectious behaviourssuch as: eating raw water plant 75.6%, eating raw beef 80.6%, eating raw pork 72.2%, eating raw fish 11.8%, bare foot 34.2%. Conclusions: The result of our study showed that the higher rate of foodborne cestode and trematode than soiltransmittedhelminth correspond tothe hygenic life condition, the knowledge of the diseases and risk behavior of intestinal parasites infection. Key words: Helminth, cestode, trematode

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Control trial of porcine cysticercosis in Uganda using a combination of the TSOL18 vaccination and oxfendazole

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-021-00823-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zachary Nsadha ◽

Chris Rutebarika ◽

Chrisostom Ayebazibwe ◽

Bukenya Aloys ◽

M. Mwanja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Taenia Solium ◽

Control Program ◽

Control Area ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Intermediate Hosts ◽

Porcine Cysticercosis ◽

Intervention Area ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Village Communities

Abstract Background Neurocysticercosis caused by Taenia solium when the parasite lodges in the central nervous system, is an important cause of human seizures and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The parasite is prevalent in many regions of Uganda. Pigs are intermediate hosts for T. solium, and we evaluated a T. solium control program in pigs, involving vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and treatment with oxfendazole. Methods The study was conducted in two districts of Eastern Uganda involving the rural village communities of Bukedea (intervention area) and Kumi (control area) during 2016–2017. Seven hundred and thirty-four households were enrolled in the study. Pigs in the intervention area received intramuscular immunizations with TSOL18 (Cysvax™) and an oral medication with 30 mg/kg oxfendazole (Paranthic™) at approximately 3-monthly intervals for 18 months. Porcine cysticercosis was evaluated by post-mortem examination. At the beginning of the study, 111 pigs were examined. In an interim evaluation in the intervention area, 55 pigs were evaluated 12 months after starting the project. At the end of the study approximately 3 months after the final intervention, 55 pigs from the intervention area and 56 pigs from the control area were evaluated. Results The prevalence of porcine cysticercosis for the two sites was 16.2% at the beginning of the study (17.2% in the intervention area and 15.1% in the control area) with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.759) between the two study sites. Among the 110 animals assessed from the intervention site (55 at the interim evaluation and 55 at the final evaluation), no pig with viable T. solium cysts was found. There was a statistically significant difference between the prevalence at baseline (17.2%) and at the end of the study (0%) in the intervention area (P = 0.001) and a statistically significant difference between the intervention (0%) and control areas (5.4%) (P = 0.041) at the end of the study. Conclusions Three-monthly concurrent vaccination of pigs with the TSOL18 vaccine and medication with oxfendazole eliminated T. solium transmission by the animals involved in the study. Application of vaccination with medication in pigs has the potential to reduce transmission of T. solium in Uganda and other endemic countries.

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Information-based decoding of the coupling among human brain activity and movement paths

Technology and Health Care ◽

10.3233/thc-202744 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Shahul Mujib Kamal ◽

Norazryana Mat Dawi ◽

Hamidreza Namazi

Keyword(s):

Brain Activity ◽

Point Of View ◽

Physiological Signals ◽

Human Walking ◽

Eeg Signals ◽

Rehabilitation Science ◽

Information Contents ◽

First Time ◽

The Brain ◽

Brain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Walking like many other actions of a human is controlled by the brain through the nervous system. In fact, if a problem occurs in our brain, we cannot walk correctly. Therefore, the analysis of the coupling of brain activity and walking is very important especially in rehabilitation science. The complexity of movement paths is one of the factors that affect human walking. For instance, if we walk on a path that is more complex, our brain activity increases to adjust our movements. OBJECTIVE: This study for the first time analyzed the coupling of walking paths and brain reaction from the information point of view. METHODS: We analyzed the Shannon entropy for electroencephalography (EEG) signals versus the walking paths in order to relate their information contents. RESULTS: According to the results, walking on a path that contains more information causes more information in EEG signals. A strong correlation (p= 0.9999) was observed between the information contents of EEG signals and walking paths. Our method of analysis can also be used to investigate the relation among other physiological signals of a human and walking paths, which has great benefits in rehabilitation science.

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Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase D

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj20040031 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 380 (3) ◽

pp. 749-756 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

Yong-Xin SUN ◽

Kazuhito TSUBOI ◽

Yasuo OKAMOTO ◽

Takeharu TONAI ◽

Makoto MURAKAMI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biosynthetic Pathway ◽

Brain Homogenate ◽

Wide Distribution ◽

Rat Tissues ◽

Lysophospholipase D ◽

Pla2 Enzyme ◽

First Time ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

The Brain

Anandamide (an endocannabinoid) and other bioactive long-chain NAEs (N-acylethanolamines) are formed by direct release from N-acyl-PE (N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine) by a PLD (phospholipase D). However, the possible presence of a two-step pathway from N-acyl-PE has also been suggested previously, which comprises (1) the hydrolysis of N-acyl-PE to N-acyl-lysoPE by PLA1/PLA2 enzyme(s) and (2) the release of NAEs from N-acyllysoPE by lysoPLD (lysophospholipase D) enzyme(s). In the present study we report for the first time the characterization of enzymes responsible for this pathway. The PLA1/PLA2 activity for N-palmitoyl-PE was found in various rat tissues, with the highest activity in the stomach. This stomach enzyme was identified as group IB sPLA2 (secretory PLA2), and its product was determined as N-acyl-1-acyl-lysoPE. Recombinant group IB, IIA and V of sPLA2s were also active with N-palmitoyl-PE, whereas group X sPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2α were inactive. In addition, we found wide distribution of lysoPLD activity generating N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-lysoPE in rat tissues, with higher activities in the brain and testis. Based on several lines of enzymological evidence, the lysoPLD enzyme could be distinct from the known N-acyl-PE-hydrolysing PLD. sPLA2-IB dose dependently enhanced the production of N-palmitoylethanolamine from N-palmitoyl-PE in the brain homogenate showing the lysoPLD activity. N-Arachidonoyl-PE and N-arachidonoyl-lysoPE as anandamide precursors were also good substrates of sPLA2-IB and the lysoPLD respectively. These results suggest that the sequential actions of PLA2 and lysoPLD may constitute another biosynthetic pathway for NAEs, including anandamide.

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Substance P Signaling Contributes to Granuloma Formation inTaenia crassicepsInfection, a Murine Model of Cysticercosis

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology ◽

10.1155/2010/597086 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2010 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Armandina Garza ◽

David J. Tweardy ◽

Joel Weinstock ◽

Balaji Viswanathan ◽

Prema Robinson

Keyword(s):

Substance P ◽

Potential Role ◽

Cytokine Production ◽

Taenia Solium ◽

Granuloma Formation ◽

Wild Type ◽

Granulomatous Reaction ◽

Pain Transmission ◽

Neurokinin 1 ◽

The Brain

Cysticercosis is an infection with larval cysts of the cestodeTaenia solium. Through pathways that are incompletely understood, dying parasites initiate a granulomatous reaction that, in the brain, causes seizures. Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide involved in pain-transmission, contributes to inflammation and previously was detected in granulomas associated with deadT. crassicepscysts. To determine if SP contributes to granuloma formation, we measured granuloma-size and levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 within granulomas inT. crassiceps-infected wild type (WT) mice and mice deficient in SP-precursor (SPP) or the SP-receptor (neurokinin 1, NK1). Granuloma volumes of infected SPP- and NK1-knockout mice were reduced by 31 and 36%, respectively, compared to WT mice (P<.05for both) and produced up to 5-fold less IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 protein. Thus, SP signaling contributes to granuloma development and proinflammatory cytokine production inT. crassicepsinfection and suggests a potential role for this mediator in human cystercercosis.

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NO nerves in a tapeworm. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry in adult Hymenolepis diminuta

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000067603 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 113 (6) ◽

pp. 559-565 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

M. K. S. Gustafsson ◽

A. M. Lindholm ◽

N. B. Terenina ◽

M. Reuter

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nervous System ◽

Nadph Diaphorase ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

Staining Reaction ◽

Internal Seminal Vesicle ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

First Time ◽

The Brain ◽

Nerve Cords

SUMMARYThe free radical nitric oxide (NO), which is synthesized by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has recently been discovered to function as a neuronal messenger. The presence of NOS was detected in the nervous system of adult Hymenolepis diminuta with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry. The NADPH-d histochemical reaction is regarded as a selective marker for NOS in neuronal tissue. NADPH-d staining was observed in nerve fibres in the main and minor nerve cords and the transverse ring commissures, and in cell bodies in the brain commissure, along the main nerve cords, in the suckers and the rostellar sac. NADPH-d staining was also observed in the wall of the internal seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The pattern of NADPH-d staining was compared with that of the 5-HT immunoreactive nervous elements. The NADPH-d staining reaction and the 5-HT immunoreactivity occur in separate sets of neurons. This is the first time the NADPH-d reaction has been demonstrated in the nervous system of a flatworm, indicating that NOS is present and that NO can be produced at this level of evolution.

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Cocaine Dependence Produce Psychiatric Symptoms - a Case Report

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70693-5 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

M. Stankovic ◽

S. Vucetic-Arsic ◽

S. Alcaz ◽

J. Cvejic

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Male Patient ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Cocaine Dependence ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Personal Contact ◽

Outpatient Unit ◽

Special Hospital ◽

First Time ◽

The Brain

Aim:We want to present a polymorphic clinical features like: hallutinations, paranoid ideas, agitation and violence as a result of prolonged cocaine intranasal consumption.Methods:We exposed a 30-year old male patient with ICD-X diagnostic criteria for cocaine dependence (intranasal consumption) that treated in the outpatient unit of Special Hospital of Addicitons, Belgrade, Serbia from April to July 2008. We used the medical records, psychical examination, psychiatric interwievs, standard blood sampling and cocaine urine detections sample (positive).Results:Observations a specific and polymorphic clinical features with presence of psychotic symptoms after cocaine consumptions in our male patient, for the first time after 5 years of cocaine dependence: auditory hallucinations (two- voice speakers), paranoid persecution ideas and suspiciousness, agitation with appearance of vegetative symptomatology (palpitations, sweating, pupil dilatation), extremely violence behavior to other people, complete social reductions (“armed to the outside world”, refused any personal contact and isolated from friends and family, permanent outdoor checking). There was an intensive fear too and impaired judgment.Conclusions:Permanent cocaine consumption can result with produce a numerous of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes as our experience does. It is similar to the findings of other studies and papers reviewed. It is suppose that cocaine has numerous effects on important neurotransmitters in the brain, such as increase as well as the release of dopamine and it related with aggressiveness, hallucinations and other psychiatric symptoms.

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Information-based analysis of the coupling between brain and heart reactions to olfactory stimulation

Technology and Health Care ◽

10.3233/thc-213136 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Najmeh Pakniyat ◽

Mohammad Hossein Babini ◽

Vladimir V. Kulish ◽

Hamidreza Namazi

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Biomedical Science ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Eeg Signals ◽

Ecg Signals ◽

Olfactory Stimuli ◽

Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽

First Time ◽

Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽

The Brain

BACKGROUND: Analysis of the heart activity is one of the important areas of research in biomedical science and engineering. For this purpose, scientists analyze the activity of the heart in various conditions. Since the brain controls the heart’s activity, a relationship should exist among their activities. OBJECTIVE: In this research, for the first time the coupling between heart and brain activities was analyzed by information-based analysis. METHODS: Considering Shannon entropy as the indicator of the information of a system, we recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals of 13 participants (7 M, 6 F, 18–22 years old) in different external stimulations (using pineapple, banana, vanilla, and lemon flavors as olfactory stimuli) and evaluated how the information of EEG signals and R-R time series (as heart rate variability (HRV)) are linked. RESULTS: The results indicate that the changes in the information of the R-R time series and EEG signals are strongly correlated (ρ=-0.9566). CONCLUSION: We conclude that heart and brain activities are related.

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