Wyrazy mi(e)zyniec, mizynek ‘mały palec’, ‘najmłodsze dziecko, cielę, prosię, kurczę’ odczytane na nowo

Język Polski ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Dorota Krystyna Rembiszewska ◽  
Janusz Siatkowski

The text discusses the wordsmi(e)zyniec, mizynek ‘little finger’, ‘youngest child, calf, piglet, chicken’. A few decades ago, K. Nitsch dedicated a separate study to this subject, published in the Język Polski journal. Our text, contingent on the methodologies of linguistic geography, presents the history and geography of these words in Polish within the broader Slavic context. It follows from the findings that the individual forms from the *měz- stem are to be differently viewed. Some forms may certainly be seen as relics of the early Slavic unity and cannot be treated as lexical borrowings. Besides, some forms, especially the *mězinъkъ deriva-tive which has no equivalent of the mie- form in the Polish language, can be seen as a Ukrainian loan word.

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N.A.L. Leijnse ◽  
S. Carter ◽  
A. Gupta ◽  
S. McCabe

The extensor digitorum communis (ED) is generally regarded as a fairly undiversified muscle that gives extensor tendons to all fingers. Some fine wire electromyographic (EMG) investigations have been carried out to study individuation of the muscle parts to the different fingers. However, individuated surface EMG of the ED has not been investigated. This study analyses the anatomy of the ED muscle parts to the different fingers in detail and proposes optimal locations for surface or indwelling electrodes for individuated EMG and for electrostimulation with neuroprostheses. The dissections show that the ED arises from extensive origin tendons (OT), which originate at the lateral epicondyle and reach far in the forearm. The ED OT is V-shaped with shorter central tendon fibers but with a long radial and an even longer ulnar slip. The ED parts to the individual fingers consistently arise from distinct OT locations: the ED3 (medius) arises proximally, the ED2 (index) from the radial slip distal to ED3, the ED4 (ring finger) from the ulnar slip distal to ED3, and the ED5 (to ring/little finger) from the ulnar slip distal to ED4. This lengthwise widely spaced arrangement of ED parts compensates to some degree for the narrow ED width and suggests that ED parts should be individually assessable by indwelling and even by surface EMG electrodes, albeit in the latter case with variable mutual cross-talk. Conversely, the anatomic spacing of ED parts warrants that electromyographic stimulation with neuroprostheses by a single implanted electrode cannot likely homogeneously activate all ED parts.


Author(s):  
Zafarjon Omonov ◽  

The article discusses the required and necessary elements of a crime, subjective symptoms mentioned in criminal legal norms, independent elements of torture, to be separate study, highlights the subjective aspect of torture, the behavior of persons, including illegal, its external (physical) and internal (mental) side, the processes in the psyche of the perpetrator, the act or omission, committed socially dangerous acts intentionally or negligently, the circumstances of guilt as mental attitudes, analyzes the circumstances of mental attitude as consisting of 1) smart time 2) the date of the will, 3) emotional, the differentiation of the two forms of guilt – deliberate and careless, differentiation of types of retaliation in volitional element, optional (proper retribution) or conscious conceded (twisted retribution), the motives and goals of torture, personal animosity.


2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
F. Střeleček ◽  
P. Kollar

The article concerns an evaluation of intensification costs in an agricultural enterprise. Intensification cost dynamics are evaluated in comparison with the in-kind production volume. Using unit cost, unit intensification cost, unit non-intensification cost, unit intensification differential cost, and unit differential cost as indicators, the effectiveness of intensification costs is assessed. The effectiveness is expressed through absolute and relative changes in costs and in the economic results. The said changes include production expansion effect, relative change in costs and economic results due to unit intensification cost, relative change in cost and economic results due to unit non-intensification cost, and relative change in costs and economic results due to unit cost. The individual changes are arranged into a pyramid and, after the supplementation of the change in average market price, they can be used for comprehensive appraisal. The evaluation of the dynamics of individual indicators and interrelations thereof provides an integrated view of the subject in question. As the individual alternatives are rather extensive, only the growing and constant effectiveness of intensification costs are evaluated within the article. The decreasing effectiveness of intensification costs will be discussed in a separate study.


2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Kristina Rutkovska ◽  
Eva Praškevič

Dictionary of Foreign Words of the Less Known Origin by Jan Karłowicz – an Expression of Knowledge and Lithuanistic Tastes of AuthorThe object of the description in the article is Lithuanian lexicon occurring in the Dictionary of foreign words of the less known origin (EWS) composed by Jan Karłowicz, who was involved in the multifaceted research on the Lithuanian language and culture – he studied the Lithuanian dialect, local names, and initiated research on Lithuanian folklore. He also published materials from Lithuania (ethnographic descriptions, folklore and language descriptions of the Samogitian nobility) in the Wisla, previously editing them and adding comments in the text to the Lithuanian vocabulary. His onomastic collections as well as the study About the Lithuanian Language have been rediscovered by Lithuanian linguists who devoted a separate study to them.Solid knowledge of comparative linguistics and his own experience in research the Lithuanian language and culture, work with Lithuanian printed materials, hand­written or derived from field studies in Lithuania, allowed him to use the knowledge and materials in very different ways. Next to words analyzed in the EWS, he included the words of Lithuanian origin and next – Slavic borrowings of Lithuanian dialects, thereby contributing indirectly to the study of foreign lexis in the Lithuanian dia­lects. A similar historic-linguistic interpretation was acceptable in those days when the methodology of etymological research was just developing and every manifestation of language was worth documenting.Karłowicz’s EWS is very important for researchers of the Baltic-Slavic border. He detected a significant part of the Lithuanian lexicon and, more broadly – regional lexicon in intensive Slavic-Lithuanian relations. The greater part of Lithuanianisms was recorded in the mid-nineteenth century, when peasants in Lithuania started massive convertions to the Polish language. At the same time, he documented Lithuanian realities, giving them detailed descriptions. He provided much to linguists researchers who intensively practiced typological and comparative linguistics of Lithuanian words in the nineteenth century, citing unknown tokens of direct contacts with Lithuanianism, not listed in the then existing collections of Lithuanian lexis (Kurschat, Nesselmann). Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia… Jana Karłowicza – wyrazem wiedzy i zamiłowań lituanistycznych autoraPrzedmiotem opisu w artykule jest leksyka litewska, występująca w Słowniku wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia… (SWO) Jana Karłowicza, który był zaangażo­wany w badania nad językiem i kulturą litewską wieloaspektowo – badał narzecza litewskie, nazwy miejscowe, inicjował badania nad folklorem litewskim. Publikował też materiały z Litwy (opisy etnograficzne, folklor, opis języka szlachty żmudzkiej) w czasopiśmie „Wisła”, uprzednio je redagując i umieszczając w tekście komentarze do leksyki litewskiej. Jego zbiory onomastyczne, podobnie jak i studium O języku litewskim, zostało na nowo odkryte przez językoznawców litewskich, poświęcono im odrębne opracowania.Solidna wiedza z zakresu językoznawstwa porównawczego i własne doświadczenie badacza języka i kultury litewskiej, praca z litewskimi materiałami drukowanymi, rękopiśmiennymi czy też pochodzącymi z badań terenowych na Litwie pozwoliły mu na wykorzystanie tej wiedzy i materiałów w bardzo różnorodny sposób. Umieszcza on w dokumentacji do wyrazów analizowanych w SWO wyrazy pochodzenia litewskiego i obok – zapożyczenia słowiańskie do gwar litewskich, tym samym przyczyniając się pośrednio do badań nad leksyką obcą w gwarach litewskich. Taki sposób interpretacji historycznojęzykowych był do zaakceptowania w owych czasach, kiedy metodologia badań etymologicznych dopiero się kształtowała, a każdy przejaw języka był wart dokumentowania.Znaczenie SWO Karłowicza dla badaczy pogranicza bałtycko-słowiańskiego jest ogromne. Zarejestrował on znaczną część leksyki litewskiej i szerzej – regionalnej w okresie intensywnych kontaktów słowiańsko-litewskich. Większa część lituani­zmów w polszczyźnie północnokresowej została odnotowana w połowie XIX w., kiedy miało miejsce masowe przechodzenie na język polski warstw włościańskich na Litwie. Udokumentował tym samym nazwy oddające ówczesne realia litewskie. Dostarczył badaczom, intensywnie uprawiającym w XIX w. językoznawstwo typologiczne i kom­paratystyczne, wyrazów litewskich do studiów porównawczych. Zarejestrowany przez Karłowicza litewski materiał leksykalny często pochodził z jego własnych badań tere­nowych nad gwarami litewskimi i nie był notowany w ówczesnych zbiorach leksyki litewskiej (słownikach Kurschata, Nesselmanna).


2018 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Michał Piekarski

In the second half of the 18th century, musical education in Poland was poor. The Commission of National Education (1773–1793) did not take music into account in its projects. The individual willing to change the situation was Father Wacław Sierakowski (1741–1806), provost of the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. He played a significant role in the musical life of the city as an organiser of public concerts and founder of a private music school. In 1795–1796, he published a three-volume musical textbook, The Art of Music for Young Polish People (Sztuka muzyki dla młodzieży krajowej), one of the first musical textbooks in the Polish language. In Sierakowski’s publication the stress was put on the social and national value of music. The first volume also featured Sierakowski’s petition from 1792, intended for submission before the Sejm (Polish Parliament), in which the author propounded the idea of the state taking over musical education and establishing a major statesponsored music school in Krakow (Alumnatus Vocalistarum). These plans were never carried out as the third partition of Poland ensued in 1795.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2/2020(771)) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Gębka-Wolak ◽  
Iwona Kaproń-Charzyńska

This paper discusses the orthographic standard of the modern Polish language as regards capitalisation. On selected examples, we point to the fact that the general nature of orthographic rules governing capitalisation makes them ignore numerous phenomena characteristic of the economic and legal sphere. The absence of an up-to-date and diverse sample material illustrating the individual rules, in turn, hampers making prescriptive decisions with regard to the spelling of specifi c expressions from the domain of the latest offi cial Polish language. As a consequence, the mismatch between codifi cation and usage increases, which is exemplifi ed in the analytical part of the paper. The conducted research leads to the conclusion that such standardisation of the spelling of specialist varieties of Polish as satisfi es the needs of its users is an urgent matter.


Author(s):  
Anna Janus-Sitarz

The article presents problems related to the individual educational needs of secondary school students in the field of Polish language education, as well as teachers’ dilemmas regarding the reconciliation of the implementation of curriculum requirements with the support that students expect from them. The author presents selected methods of personalizing the educational process developed by Polish language teachers participating in the project „Professional Polish teacher. Practice and personalization” at the Faculty of Polish Studies of the Jagiellonian University.


Author(s):  
L. Nepop-Aidachych

The author explores the symbolism of flowers in the Polish language and culture. On the basis of the articles of the Dictionary of Folk Stereotypes and Symbols („Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych”) (Flowers Volume („Kwiaty”)), it is determined which symbolic meaning saregiven to the flower in general and to certain types of flowers, in whichgenres of folklor et hes evalues arerealized, what be camethe basis for the formation of suchmeanings. For the reconstruction of symbolic meanings boththe Polish linguistic information and the information outside the linguistic field are used, which testify to the functioning of the corresponding conceptin Polish culture. Based on the comparison of the linguistic images of the individual flowers and the flowerin generalitisre vealedt hatt hev astmajority of linguistic image softhe flowers have both common withthe general concept and differen tsymbolic meanings, som ehave only specific one sandothers do not have thematall. Ways and technique sof analysis of the symbolism of flowers in Polish language and culture are offered.


Author(s):  
C.N. Sun

The present study demonstrates the ultrastructure of the gingival epithelium of the pig tail monkey (Macaca nemestrina). Specimens were taken from lingual and facial gingival surfaces and fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium solution (pH 7.6) for 1 hr, dehydrated, and then embedded in Epon 812.Tonofibrils are variable in number and structure according to the different region or location of the gingival epithelial cells, the main orientation of which is parallel to the long axis of the cells. The cytoplasm of the basal epithelial cells contains a great number of tonofilaments and numerous mitochondria. The basement membrane is 300 to 400 A thick. In the cells of stratum spinosum, the tonofibrils are densely packed and increased in number (fig. 1 and 3). They seem to take on a somewhat concentric arrangement around the nucleus. The filaments may occur scattered as thin fibrils in the cytoplasm or they may be arranged in bundles of different thickness. The filaments have a diameter about 50 A. In the stratum granulosum, the cells gradually become flatted, the tonofibrils are usually thin, and the individual tonofilaments are clearly distinguishable (fig. 2). The mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are seldom seen in these superficial cell layers.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document