scholarly journals Mechanism of Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants Against Aluminum Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Robiatul Adawiyah ◽  
Musadia Afa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
High Level

Aluminum (Al 3+) is rhizotoxic ions in the soil (mineral) acid. Al activities increases with increasing soil acidity, below pH 5.5 the solubility of Al 3+ cations will increase. High level of soluble can cause interference with metabolic processes and plant physiology. Cumulatively, the physiology of metabolic disorders and initially looked at the root system. The tip of the root and lateral roots become thickened and hair and roots become lower, causing a decrease in root length and root tissue enlargement thus inhibiting the growth of roots, the absorption of nutrients and water, will further lower the growth, production and productivity of crops. Although Al disrupt metabolism and suppress the growth of the plant, until a certain threshold of adverse effects in Al still be tolerated, depending on the type of plant and the level of activity of Al. Tolerance of crops to Al can be expressed through two mechanisms, namely: external tolerance mechanism and internal tolerance mechanism. The main difference between the two mechanisms is in the area of detoxification Al whether in symplast (internal) or apoplast (exclusion). The ability of plants to be able to adapt to drought stress Al, depends on the ability of plants to produce organic acid in an amount sufficient for eliminating the toxic influence of stress Al. Root exudates of plants capable of producing such an organic acid that plays an important role in adaptation strategies. The high production of organic acids is associated with the formation of specific enzymes, as a response to stress Al. Allegedly the sensitive strain, the synthesis of organic acids is not adequate to chelate Al

scholarly journals Responses of eucalypt species to aluminum: the possible involvement of low molecular weight organic acids in the Al tolerance mechanism

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1267-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Silva ◽  
R. F. Novais ◽  
G. N. Jham ◽  
N. F. Barros ◽  
F. O. Gebrim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Eucalypt Species

Organic acid exudation associated with aluminium stress tolerance in triticale and wheat

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. G. Zhang ◽  
R. S. Jessop ◽  
D. Alter
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Enzymatic Assay ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Organic Acid Exudation

Three triticale cultivars differing in aluminium (Al) stress response, together with 1 Al-tolerant wheat cultivar (Carazinho) and 1 Al-tolerant wheat line (ET3), were used to investigate the root exudation of organic acids during Al stress. The likely relationship of organic acid exudation with Al tolerance, as assessed by root regrowth in nutrient solutions, was also examined. An enzymatic assay was used to detect malate release from both root tips and the whole root system; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also used to measure the exudation of organic acids from Al-stressed root tips. The enzymatic assay revealed some associations between Al tolerance and malate efflux from Al-stressed wheat or triticale roots, although Al-tolerant triticale cvv. Tahara and 19th ITSN 70-4 released less malate than the Al-tolerant wheat. HPLC analysis indicated that malate and citrate were not the main exudates related to the different levels of Al tolerance in these triticale cultivars. A yet to be identified organic acid in 19th ITSN 70-4 showed significant concentration differences from 2 other cultivars tested. This study highlighted the importance and necessity of elucidating the biochemical mechanisms involved in Al stress tolerance in triticale and other crops.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic responses to aluminum stress in tea plant leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danjuan Huang ◽  
Ziming Gong ◽  
Xun Chen ◽  
Hongjuan Wang ◽  
Rongrong Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Cellular Transport ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Aluminum Stress ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
High Level

AbstractTea plant (Camellia sinensis) is a well-known Al-accumulating plant, showing a high level of aluminum (Al) tolerance. However, the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance and accumulation are poorly understood. We carried out transcriptome analysis of tea plant leaves in response to three different Al levels (0, 1, 4 mM, for 7 days). In total, 794, 829 and 585 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in 4 mM Al vs. 1 mM Al, 0 Al vs. 1 mM Al, and 4 mM Al vs. 0 Al comparisons, respectively. Analysis of genes related to polysaccharide and cell wall metabolism, detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cellular transport, and signal transduction were involved in the Al stress response. Furthermore, the transcription factors such as zinc finger, myeloblastosis (MYB), and WRKY played a critical role in transcriptional regulation of genes associated with Al resistance in tea plant. In addition, the genes involved in phenolics biosynthesis and decomposition were overwhelmingly upregulated in the leaves treated with either 0 Al and 4 mM Al stress, indicating they may play an important role in Al tolerance. These results will further help us to understand mechanisms of Al stress and tolerance in tea plants regulated at the transcriptional level.

Physiological and biochemical studies on aluminum tolerance in pineapple

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Le Van ◽  
T. Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Aluminum Tolerance ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Callose Formation

Aluminum is rhizotoxic and is often present in acidic soils at activities high enough to inhibit root growth. The objectives of present study were to screen for Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill) cultivars and to investigate the potential mechanism(s) of Al tolerance. Seven cultivars were analysed and found to differ considerably in Al tolerance. The cultivars Soft Touch (Al-sensitive) and Cayenne (Al-tolerant) were selected for further analysis of physiological mechanism(s) of Al tolerance. The root elongation of Soft Touch was 80% compared with 120% for Cayenne in response to 300 μm AlCl3 at pH 4.5 for 72 h. Al accumulation and Al-induced callose formation in root apices were 50 and 15% of that in Cayenne, respectively. It is clearly shown that Al only inhibited Soft Touch during the treatment, whereas it enhanced root growth of Cayenne, suggesting an Al-induced Al-tolerance mechanism operating in Cayenne. There was no significantly difference in total protein in root exudates between cultivars treated with or without 300 μm AlCl3. However, 2D SDS–PAGE analysis could detect an acidic and low molecular weight protein in Al-treated Cayenne root tips, but not in control Cayenne or in Soft Touch both in the presence and absence of Al. The identification of organic acids in collected root exudates was conducted on Al-tolerant Cayenne. Citrate, malate, and succinate were found in Cayenne root exudates, and citrate was induced by Al exposure. Changes in organic acids from root exudates and soluble protein of root tips may be involved in the Al-tolerance mechanism. Further studies are, however, needed to clarify their functions on detoxification of Al in the pineapple roots.

Changes induced by aluminum stress in the organic acid content of maize seedlings: The crucial role of exogenous citrate in enhancing seedling growth

Biologia ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhouane Chaffai ◽  
Tinni Nouhou Seybou ◽  
Brahim Marzouk ◽  
Ezzedine Ferjani
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Maximal Effect ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Elevated Exposure ◽  
Organic Acid Content

AbstractWe have studied the effect of Al on growth and morphology of maize seedlings (Zea mays L.), the changes in organic acid content as well as the role of application of exogenous citrate in enhancing the Al tolerance. Al treatment induced inhibition of root growth, causing morphological symptoms of Al toxicity. Al decreased significantly the malate content in roots compared to control plants. However, the citrate and total organic acids did not show any change, indicating that one mechanism underlying plant defense may involve the maintenance a normal levels of organic acids in roots. The succinate content increased in roots at 1000 µmol L−1 Al, while that of lactate decreased. However, 500 and 1000 µmol L−1 Al significantly increased the total organic acid in shoots, due to an increase in the succinate and malate contents. By contrast, the citrate and lactate levels decreased at 250 and 500 µmol L−1 Al. To investigate the role of citrate in enhancing the plant growth, citrate was supplied to nutrient medium containing 500 µmol L−1 Al at different Al:Citrate ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3). The addition of citrate in the nutrient solution resulted in an alleviation of Al toxicity, with the maximal effect obtained at Al:Citrate ratio of 1:2. These data provide evidence that in maize, the organic acids, mainly citrate play an important role in enabling the plant to tolerate elevated exposure to Al concentration.

High-level exogenous glutamic acid-independent production of poly-(γ-glutamic acid) with organic acid addition in a new isolated Bacillus subtilis C10

2012 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 241-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huili Zhang ◽  
Jianzhong Zhu ◽  
Xiangcheng Zhu ◽  
Jin Cai ◽  
Anyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
High Level

scholarly journals PSVIII-16 The effects of adding two organic acid blends with or without high levels of zinc or copper, on post-weaning pig performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 209-210
Author(s):  
Casey L Bradley ◽  
Jon Bergstrom ◽  
Jeremiah Nemechek ◽  
J D Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Weaning Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid Pak 1 (AP1), Acid Pak 2 (AP2)] to diets with or without higher levels of Zn or Cu [factor 2 = +/-PZC] on pig performance. Pigs were allotted 10 pigs/pen to 12 weight blocks and randomly assigned the six dietary treatments. The +PZC diets contained 3000 ppm Zn (d 0-7), 2000 ppm Zn (d 8-21), and 250 ppm Cu (d 21-42) and -PZC diets contained 95 ppm Zn and 20 ppm Cu (d 0-42). The AP1 and AP2 diets used 0.9% of 2 acid premixes (d 0-21), and 0.45% of the premixes (day 22-42). AP1 provided 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.07% sodium butyrate, and 0.025% phosphoric acid (day 0-21) and half those levels (day 22-42). AP2 included the same acids as AP1 but at half the rate and combined with 7 other organic acids and carvacrol. From d 0-21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< 0.02). Overall (d 0-42), ADG and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< .010). Data from this trial indicate that performance was improved by the addition of both OA and PZC. However, pigs fed OA and -PZC performed similarly to those fed NO and +PZC in the post-weaning period. In summary, regardless of the acid combination, organic acid supplementation has the potential to improve growth performance in weaned pigs.

The Xylem Sap of Maize Roots: Its Collection, Composition and Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Canny ◽  
ME Mccully
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Three methods of sampling xylem sap of maize roots were compared: sap bleeding from the stem cut just above the ground; sap bleeding from the cut tops of roots still undisturbed in the ground; and sap aspirated from excavated roots under reduced pressure. The bleeding saps were often unobtainable. When their composition was measured with time from cutting, the concentrations of the major solutes approximately doubled in 2 h. Aspirated sap was chosen as the most reliable sample of root xylem contents. Solute concentrations of the saps showed great variability between individual roots for all solutes, but on average the concentrations found (in �mol g-1 sap) were: total amino acids, 1.8; nitrate, 1.8; sugars (mainly sucrose), 5.4; total organic acids, 18.3. Individual amino acids also varied greatly between roots. Glutamine, aspartic acid and serine were generally most abundant. The principal organic acid found was malic, approximately 8 �mol g-1. From these analyses the ratios of carbon in the fractions (sugars : amino acids : organic acids) = (44 : 6 : 50). 14Carbon pulse fed to a leaf appeared in the root sap within 30 min, rose to a peak at 4-6 h, and declined slowly over a week. During all this time the neutral, cation and anion fractions were sensibly constant in the proportions 86 : 10 : 4. The 14C therefore did not move towards the equilibrium of 12C-compounds in the sap. It is argued that the results do not support a hypothesis of formation of amino carbon from recent assimilate and reduced nitrate in the roots and an export of this to the shoot in the transpiration stream.

scholarly journals Characterization of Aerosol Composition, Aerosol Acidity and Organic Acid Partitioning at an Agriculture-Intensive Rural Southeastern U.S. Site

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Hongyu Guo ◽  
Amy P. Sullivan ◽  
Yunle Chen ◽  
David J. Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Concentration ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Phase Water ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract. The implementation of stringent emission regulations has resulted in the decline of anthropogenic pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). In contrast, ammonia (NH3) emissions are largely unregulated, with emissions projected to increase in the future. We present real-time aerosol and gas measurements from a field study conducted in an agricultural-intensive region in the southeastern U.S. during the fall of 2016 to investigate how NH3 affects particle acidity and SOA formation via the gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic acids. Particle water and pH were determined using the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic model and validated by comparing predicted inorganic HNO3-NO3− and NH3-NH4+ gas-particle partitioning ratios with measured values. Our results showed that despite the high NH3 concentrations (study average 8.1 ± 5.2 ppb), PM1 were highly acidic with pH values ranging from 0.9 to 3.8, and a study-averaged pH of 2.2 ± 0.6. PM1 pH varied by approximately 1.4 units diurnally. Formic and acetic acids were the most abundant gas-phase organic acids, and oxalate was the most abundant particle-phase water-soluble organic acid anion. Measured particle-phase water-soluble organic acids were on average 6 % of the total non-refractory PM1 organic aerosol mass. The measured molar fraction of oxalic acid in the particle phase (i.e., particle-phase oxalic acid molar concentration divided by the total oxalic acid molar concentration) ranged between 47 and 90 % for PM1 pH 1.2 to 3.4. The measured oxalic acid gas-particle partitioning ratios were in good agreement with their corresponding thermodynamic predictions, calculated based on oxalic acid’s physicochemical properties, ambient temperature, particle water and pH. In contrast, gas-particle partitioning of formic and acetic acids were not well predicted for reasons currently unknown. For this study, higher NH3 concentrations relative to what has been measured in the region in previous studies had minor effects on PM1 organic acids and their influence on the overall organic aerosol and PM1 mass concentrations.

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