5. “The One Thing You Need Is Your Bottle of Dye”: Managing Age Discrimination in the Job Search

This article presents the findings of the first field experiment — a resume correspondence study — on age discrimination in the Russian labor market. Correspondence studies are nowadays viewed as the most objective way to test for hiring discrimination. This method consists of sending pairs of CVs for job offers, very similar in everything except the trait to be analyzed (age in our case). Data collection for the presented study was conducted in February—March 2018. Pairs of matched applications, one from a fictitious 29-year-old female applicant and one from afictitious 48-year-old female applicant, were sent to 341 employers with job openings for accountants in Moscow, posted on one of the most popular job search websites. It turned out that the probability of receiving an invitation for an interview for an older candidate is 24–32%, whereas for a younger candidate it is 45–52%. Thus, the positive callback ratio is 1.8–2.5. The indicator of “net discrimination”, calculated as the difference in the shares of positive callbacks in the number of vacancies for which at least one response has been received, is 37–49% for the younger and older candidates. Compared with the results of the existing studies, it turns out that the obtained discrimination level is quite high. Taking into account the population aging, a reduction in the workforce and an increase in the official retirement age, measures must be taken to combat age discrimination and allow older people to work on an equal basis with young people.

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THE TRAVEL GUIDE AND TOUR LEADER JOB MARKET IN POLAND

Folia Turistica ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0510 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 9-44

Author(s):

Zygmunt Kruczek ◽

Bożena Alejziak ◽

Leszek Mazanek

Keyword(s):

Job Search ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Point Of View ◽

Job Market ◽

Services Research ◽

Telephone Interviews ◽

Travel Guide ◽

On Line ◽

The One ◽

Tourist Guides

Purpose. The main objective of the article is to diagnose the job market from the point of view ofsupply and demand for travel guide and tour leader services as well as to establish the dominant forms of employment, intensity of orders, forms of job search, status of employers as well as the amount of earnings. Method. In the research, the method of diagnostic survey was used; the questionnaire was supplied to the respondents via the Internet, with the option of filling it out on-line (CAWI) as well as by conducting telephone interviews with employers (CATI). Findings. The study proved that the travel guide and tour leader job market is unstable due to its seasonal nature, relatively low earnings and a constantly changing economic situation. The deregulation of occupations did not lead to a change in principles of cooperation between on the one hand, the tour operators one the one hand and the travel guides and tour leaders on the other; it did not exert influence on the costs of their employment or on the prices of tourist services. Research and conclusions limitations. The research was conducted on a representative sample of tourist guides and tour leaders as well as tour operators. Practical implications. The results of research may be of use to tour operators, organisations grouping travel guides and tour leaders as well as tourist administrations at central and regional levels. Originality. A complex study of the tourist guide and tour leader job market is innovative and has never been conducted on such a scale in Poland. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research on the supply and demand of urban, field and mountain guides as well as tour leaders.

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Women's job search propensity and selection effect in European labour markets

Advances in Methodology and Statistics ◽

10.51936/nczu2338 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Rosalia Castellano ◽

Gennaro Punzo

Keyword(s):

Job Search ◽

Labour Force ◽

Selection Effect ◽

Probit Model ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Labour Markets ◽

Developed Economies ◽

Bivariate Probit Model ◽

Main Determinants ◽

The One

The aim of this paper is to explore the main determinants of women's job search propensity and the mechanism underlying the selection effect into labour markets. The analysis compares the European countries, sharing the lowest female activity rates, with the well-developed economies of North Europe, traditionally characterized by the highest levels of female labour force participation. The potential selection bias due to the overlap in some unobserved characteristics is addressed via a bivariate probit model. Significant selection effects in women's job search process of opposite signs are found for Greece, on the one side, and for the Polish and the Norwegian labour markets, on the other one.

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‘I am notthatold’: inter-personal experiences of thriving and threats at a senior centre

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x07006988 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 675-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

ANNE LUND ◽

GUNN ENGELSRUD

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Participant Observation ◽

Age Discrimination ◽

The Other ◽

Consumer Society ◽

Old People ◽

Personal Experiences ◽

Senior Centre ◽

People’S Attitudes ◽

The One

ABSTRACTThe high cultural valuation of youthfulness and fitness in the mass media and more generally in western consumer society is the contextual frame for this study. It examines older people's attitudes towards their own ageing and towards people who are older or frailer than themselves. Participant observation was conducted of the attitudes, actions and interactions of the users of a senior centre in Norway. The users held two sets of attitudes that led to quite different activities and actions at the centre. On the one hand, they saw the centre as helping them ‘thrive’, which was associated with involvement in the community and participation in the structured daily activities to promote the senses of belonging and being useful. On the other hand, some perceived the centre and particularly the other users as ‘threats’ – as reminding them that they were getting old and increasingly vulnerable to sickness and disability. To some, the centre was for old people with disabilities, and they used subtle strategies to distance themselves from this group. Some users' attitudes and behaviour were in tension: they wished to participate in the valued activities but also to distance themselves from frailer users, while not denying their own ageing. The distancing strategies and behaviour amounted to age discrimination in interpersonal relations and interactions at the centre. This behaviour accepts rather than challenges the cultural valuation of youthfulness and the negative representation of old age.

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Attachment Avoidance and Attachment Anxiety as Individual Characteristics Affecting Job Search Behavior

Journal of Career Development ◽

10.1177/0894845318772091 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 487-501

Author(s):

Monique V. E. Leenders ◽

Abraham P. Buunk ◽

Kène Henkens

Keyword(s):

Attachment Style ◽

Job Search ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Attachment Anxiety ◽

Search Process ◽

Attachment Avoidance ◽

The One ◽

The Relationship

In this study, the relationship was investigated between attachment avoidance and attachment anxiety on the one hand, and job search intention, job search self-efficacy, job search self-esteem, and job search attitude on the other hand. Our sample consisted of 180 employees from an international industrial organization in the Netherlands. Results showed that attachment avoidance had a larger impact on the job search process than attachment anxiety. More avoidantly attached people had lower job search intentions, lower job search self-efficacy, and more negative job search attitudes. Attachment avoidance had an effect on job search intentions through job search self-efficacy and job search attitude but not through job search self-esteem. Attachment anxiety had no effect on job search intention through job search self-efficacy, job search self-esteem, and job search attitude. Attachment style is discussed as individual characteristic that impacts the job search process.

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UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE MAZOWIECKIE VOIVODESHIP – EFFECTS AND METHODS OF LIMITATIONS

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Oeconomia ◽

10.22630/aspe.2019.18.4.44 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 49-57

Author(s):

Marzena Kacprzak

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Job Search ◽

Research Methodology ◽

Spatial Diversity ◽

The Other ◽

Standard Of Living ◽

Working Age ◽

Working Age Population ◽

The One ◽

The Unemployed

Unemployment is an economic phenomenon where part of the working-age population are unable to find jobs despite seeking employment. The actual job search amongst the unemployed can be more or less intense. The Mazowieckie Voivodeship is characterized by high spatial diversity in the standard of living of the inhabitants and the conditions of economic development. On the one hand, the voivodeship boasts the highly economically developed capital of the country, on the other, there are medium or relatively underdeveloped areas. The aim of the article is to indicate the range of the phenomenon of unemployment in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship and to indicate the effects and methods of reducing it. The concept of unemployment is presented, the research methodology is outlined and the unemployment of Mazowieckie Voivodeship is analysed.

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Preceived age descrimination in the job search process in later life

10.31234/osf.io/avmtd ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ricardo Twumasi ◽

Cheryl Haslam

Keyword(s):

Job Search ◽

Later Life ◽

Academic Community ◽

Age Discrimination ◽

Search Process ◽

Job Seekers ◽

Application Process ◽

Legislative Change ◽

Age Related ◽

The Impact

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of legislative change to extend working lives and protect against age discrimination on the experiences of older job seekers following a period of economic decline.Design/methodology/approachThe research was informed by two focus groups. The research followed an inductive and iterative approach, interviewing 27 older job seekers to explore the barriers to seeking employment they faced. Themes from these interviews were then used to create a representative case study video to further highlight, share, and educate people on the barriers to employment that older job seekers face, and the strategies they use to overcome them.Findings - Perceived age discrimination, change of identity, motivation and insufficient feedback were identified as significant barriers to finding employment. Social support, coping strategies for identity change and detailed feedback were reported as positive facilitators of the search for work. The findings suggest that older job seekers face significant age related barriers to securing employment, which require age specific support to overcome. A statutory requirement for minimum standards of feedback provided to job applicants may increase transparency, and reduce the prevalence of discrimination in the job application process. Originality/value - This paper adds to the limited literature investigating the psychological impacts of the job search process in light of age related legislative change. With each new protected characteristic there is a lag between change in legislation, and change within employer attitudes and behaviour. This research investigates the impact of legislative change on the identity, morale and strategies of the older job seeker. The case studies from this research may also reach an audience beyond the traditional academic community offering a voice and new audience to the barriers older job seekers face.

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Job seekers’ search intensity and wage flexibility: does age matter?

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x13000731 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 346-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

AN DE COEN ◽

ANNELEEN FORRIER ◽

NELE DE CUYPER ◽

LUC SELS

Keyword(s):

Job Search ◽

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Financial Hardship ◽

Future Research ◽

Job Seekers ◽

Search Intensity ◽

Wage Flexibility ◽

The One ◽

Employment Commitment ◽

Job Search Intensity

ABSTRACTAlthough studies on job search implicitly presume that relationships between antecedents and indicators of job search are similar for job seekers from different ages, few studies have tested this assumption even though lifespan theories state that individual motives and behaviour significantly change as people age. From this theoretical perspective, we examine how age moderates the relationships between re-employment efficacy, employment commitment and financial hardship, on the one hand, and job search intensity and wage flexibility, on the other hand. Path analysis on a sample of 240 Belgian job seekers who were at the start of an outplacement programme showed that re-employment efficacy relates positively to job search intensity and wage flexibility for older job seekers, while we find negative relationships for younger job seekers. For employment commitment and financial hardship, we do not find any interaction effects with age. Employment commitment relates positively to search intensity, whereas financial hardship relates negatively to wage flexibility, irrespective of age. We discuss implications for theory, practice and future research.

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The Behavior of Unemployment Insurance Recipients under Adverse Market Conditions

ILR Review ◽

10.1177/001979398103400305 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 386-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

William N. Cooke

Keyword(s):

Unemployment Insurance ◽

Job Search ◽

Search Behavior ◽

The Other ◽

Market Conditions ◽

Labor Market Conditions ◽

Reservation Wages ◽

Two Samples ◽

Job Search Behavior ◽

The One

This study examines the effect on job search behavior of changes in unemployment insurance (UI) provisions and in labor market conditions. There are good reasons for assuming, on the one hand, that more generous benefits prolong job search and, on the other hand, that an increase in the rate of unemployment causes recipients to reduce reservation wages and thus shorten their job search. Previous studies have not resolved which of these tendencies will prevail in case of a conflict. The evidence from two samples of recipients in Maine during the period 1974 – 76, when a significant increase occurred in both the rate of unemployment and the maximum weeks of potential receipt of UI, indicates that the effect of increased unemployment offsets the effect of increased benefits. The author concludes that extended benefit programs during periods of high unemployment do not cause recipients to ignore the realities of the market.

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Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100051174 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 395-407

Author(s):

S. Henriksen

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

The Other ◽

Coordinate Systems ◽

Mean Sea Level ◽

The Earth ◽

The One ◽

Static Systems ◽

Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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