8. Balancing Employment and Family Lives: Changing Life-course Experiences of Men and Women in the European Union

ABSTRACTPopulation ageing has led many countries to be concerned about the ‘economic burden’ of elders, and several have adopted the active ageing paradigm to reform policy. However, gender differences that moderate the effect of active ageing have been little considered. As in other nations in the European Union, Swiss federal authorities use the active ageing paradigm to reshape ageing policies, including the provision of incentives to seniors to remain in the labour market. At the same time, many recent and proposed changes draw on the assumption of gender equality, even though actual parity has not yet been demonstrated. We know little about how gender shapes retirement in Switzerland, other than in relation to financial inequality between women and men. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with Swiss retirees (N = 15) shows how men and women describe this time of life differently. All respondents characterised retirement as a time of freedom; but the meaning of such freedom diverged for men and women, reflecting the gender division of labour, which is further shaped by class. We discuss the implications of this difference for the gendered consequences of active ageing policies.

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Equal Treatment between Men and Women in the European Union

Journal of international area studies ◽

10.18327/jias.2001.04.5.1.149 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 149

Author(s):

Hyung Bok Chae

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Equal Treatment ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women

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Differences in income distributions for men and women in the European Union countries

Equilibrium ◽

10.24136/eq.2019.004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 81-98

Author(s):

Joanna Landmesser

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Value Added ◽

Gender Pay Gap ◽

The European Union ◽

Pay Gap ◽

Men And Women ◽

Income Distributions ◽

Income Inequalities ◽

Decomposition Procedure

Research background: Recently there has been an increase in interest in the studies of income inequalities. The findings of numerous empirical studies show that males earn higher wages than females. A variety of techniques of income inequalities decomposition are becoming popular. New procedures go far beyond the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. They allow to study differences of income distributions for various groups of people and to decompose them at various quantile points. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to compare personal income distributions in selected countries of the European Union, taking into account gender differences. Methods: First, we examined the income inequalities between men and women in each country using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition procedure. The unexplained part of the gender pay gap gave us information about the wage discrimination. Second, we extended the decomposition procedure to different quantile points along the whole income distribution. To describe differences between the incomes of men and women, we constructed the so-called counterfactual distribution, which is a mixture of a conditional distribution of the dependent variable (income) and a distribution of the explanatory variables (individual people’s characteristics). Then, we utilized the residual imputation approach (JMP-approach). Findings & Value added: In the article data from EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) were used. We found that there exists an important diversity in the size of the gender pay gap across members of the European Union. The results obtained for these countries allowed us to group them into clusters. In general, there are two types of countries in Europe: the countries, where the bulk of the observed income differences cannot be explained by observed characteristics, and the countries, where the explained and the unexplained effects are both positive, with even a bigger explained effect for the lower income ranges.

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Are We All Europeans Now? Local, National and Supranational Identities of Young Adults

Sociological Research Online ◽

10.5153/sro.1142 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 169-183 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Sue Grundy ◽

Lynn Jamieson

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Young Men ◽

West Germany ◽

European Identity ◽

Nation State ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women ◽

East And West Germany ◽

National Boundaries ◽

The Uk

The continued expansion and deepening of the European Union state raises important questions about whether there will be a corresponding development of pro-supranational feeling towards Europe. This paper is based on data drawn from a European Commission (EC) funded project on the ‘Orientations of Young Men and Women to Citizenship and European Identity’. The project includes comparative surveys of ‘representative samples’ of young men and women aged 18-24 and samples of this age group on educational routes that potentially orient them to Europe beyond their national boundaries. This comparison of samples is made in paired sites with contrasting cultural and socio-political histories in terms of European affiliations and support for the European Union. The sites are: Vienna and Vorarlberg in Austria; Chemnitz and Bielefeld in East and West Germany; Madrid and Bilbao in Spain; Prague and Bratislava, the capitals of the Czech and Slovak Republics; Manchester, England and Edinburgh, Scotland in the UK. This paper examines patterns of local, national and supranational identity in the British samples in comparison to the other European sites. The typical respondent from Edinburgh and Manchester have very different orientations to their nation-state but they share a lack of European identity and disinterest in European issues that was matched only by residents of Bilbao. International comparision further demonstrates that a general correlation between levels of identification with nation-state and Europe masks a range of orientations to nation, state and Europe nurtured by a variety of geo-political contexts.

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Self-employment rates for men and women by industry in the European Union, 2016

The Missing Entrepreneurs - The Missing Entrepreneurs 2017 ◽

10.1787/9789264283602-graph13-en ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women ◽

Self Employment ◽

Employment Rates

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25. Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination

EU Law ◽

10.1093/he/9780198856641.003.0025 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 929-994

Author(s):

Paul Craig ◽

Gráinne de Búrca

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Ethnic Origin ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Equal Treatment ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women ◽

Wide Range ◽

Charter Of Fundamental Rights ◽

The Uk ◽

The Eu

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU anti-discrimination law, which, over the past decade and a half, has expanded significantly to cover a wide range of grounds and contexts. In addition to requiring equal treatment for women and men, the Treaty provides legislative competence to combat discrimination on a range of grounds. The Charter of Fundamental Rights, which has a chapter devoted to equality, has been incorporated into the EU Treaties. Article 21 of the Charter prohibits discrimination on any ground. Articles 8 and 10 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) contain horizontal clauses requiring the EU to promote equality between men and women, and to combat discrimination based on certain grounds, namely sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, or sexual orientation in all of its policies and activities. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning EU discrimination law and the UK post-Brexit.

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Pathways into childbearing delay of men and women in Australia

Longitudinal and Life Course Studies ◽

10.1332/175795921x16197735939121 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ester Lazzari

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Life Course ◽

Transition To Parenthood ◽

Occupational Prestige ◽

Men And Women ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Early Entry ◽

Course Experiences ◽

The Relationship ◽

Socio Economic Factors

Childbearing delay is a pervasive feature of Australian society, but little research has been conducted to examine how socio-economic factors are linked to childbearing timing among Australian men and women. This paper addresses this by analysing the timing of first childbirth for a large sample of Australian residents (N = 4,444). The findings indicate that childbearing delay is socially patterned and that life course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing across genders. Having a tertiary qualification delays the transition to parenthood, especially for women. An uninterrupted career prolongs time to parenthood for women but accelerates it for men. Low occupational prestige, being married and having been in only one co-residential union are associated with earlier parenthood for both men and women. For each increase in education level, not being married is associated with increasing levels of childlessness. Clear-cut gender differences are found in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay. Key messages <ul><li>Life-course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing.</li> <li>Tertiary-educated women are more than twice as likely to delay childbearing compared to their male counterparts.</li> <li>Marriage is a salient predictor for early entry into parenthood, despite of educational attainment.</li> <li>Clear-cut gender differences exist in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.</li></ul>

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Protecting Women’s Rights and Ensuring Gender Equality

De Jure ◽

10.54664/emnp1122 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Valcheva ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Women's Rights ◽

International Community ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

The European Union ◽

Member States ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Eu

In recent decades, the international community and the European Union have paid increasing attention to ensuring a sufficiently good level of protection of women’s rights. To achieve this level, international and European bodies and institutions should draw up and adopt various acts and instruments aimed at ensuring the fundamental principle of gender equality. For example, in European Union law, the principle of equality between men and women is reflected in Articles 2 and 3 (3) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). These provisions explicitly state that the EU is based on certain values, including equality, and specifically promote equality between men and women. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) also provides for a separate provision which entrusts the Community with the task, in all its activities, of striving to eliminate inequalities and to promote equality between men and women (Article 8 of the TFEU). Next, Article 21 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights prohibits all forms of discrimination, including on the grounds of sex. In addition to the provisions of primary law, the EU seeks to ensure the principle under analysis by adopting strategies and programs of different scope and content. The Member States of the European Union, including the Republic of Bulgaria, also actively promote respect for the principle of gender equality. Explicit guarantees for its provision are contained in the legislation of the Member States, including at the constitutional level. Despite the measures taken on a global, European and national scale, the unequal treatment of women around the world persists. Most often, differences in the treatment of men and women are observed in the social sphere, employment and pay, healthcare, access to education, political, economic and social activities. The existence of these differences leads to the conclusion that it is necessary for the international community, the European Union and its Member States to adopt and implement even more targeted actions, policies and measures to ensure adequate protection of women’s rights.

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Analysis of the Territorial Efficiency of European Funds as an Instrument to Reduce Labor Gender Differences

Economies ◽

10.3390/economies9010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Miguel Blanco ◽

Lydia Bares ◽

Oksana Hrynevych ◽

Marcos Ferasso

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

European Union ◽

Data Envelopment Analysis ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Equal Treatment ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women ◽

Previous Period ◽

Over Time

Gender equality has been one of the goals of the European Union since 1957. Article 157 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union authorizes the European Parliament and the Council to adopt all those measures that guarantee the application of the principle of equality opportunities and equal treatment for men and women in employment and occupation matters. The main goal of this article was to determine whether the use of European Funds by Eurozone countries has made it possible to reduce labor differences in gender matters. To this end, the efficiency levels of the Funds are analyzed in two different periods, 2007 to 2013 and 2014 to 2020. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), a methodology frequently used by researchers in efficiency analyses, was applied. Among the main conclusions obtained are that the efficiency levels from the period 2014 to 2020 have been higher than that obtained in the previous period, but there are significant and persistent differences over time in the levels of gender efficiency between the different countries of the Eurozone.

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LABOUR MARKET IN LITHUANIA: GENDER SITUATION

Business Management and Education ◽

10.3846/bme.2010.19 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 271-284

Author(s):

Jūratė Guščinskienė ◽

Jadvyga Čiburienė

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Empirical Study ◽

Labour Market ◽

Economic Integration ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Social Life ◽

The European Union ◽

Men And Women ◽

The People ◽

Political Priority

The article analyses the situation of men and women in the labour market in the globalization and economic integration into the European Union conditions and demonstrates that gender equality under the current conditions and social life, politics and economy is becoming a political priority. The aim of the paper is: to analyze the situation of men and women in the labour market and its regulation; to study the respondents’ view on the situation of men and women in the labour market. Empirical study showed that 42% of women and 26% of men have never lost their jobs and the people who have, have men-tioned several reasons for this. Respondents, both women and men, generally lose work because of inadequate working conditions and the company’s bankruptcy. Meanwhile, the response of men’s and women’s opinion on the inequality/discrimination experience is different. According to women, involved in the study, in Lithuania they mostly experienced discrimination based on sex and age, while men consider to be most discriminated on grounds of sex, disability and age. Almost one fifth of the respondents have personally experienced discrimination themselves in the labour market because of sex.

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