Pathways into childbearing delay of men and women in Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Lazzari
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Transition To Parenthood ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Course Experiences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Childbearing delay is a pervasive feature of Australian society, but little research has been conducted to examine how socio-economic factors are linked to childbearing timing among Australian men and women. This paper addresses this by analysing the timing of first childbirth for a large sample of Australian residents (N = 4,444). The findings indicate that childbearing delay is socially patterned and that life course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing across genders. Having a tertiary qualification delays the transition to parenthood, especially for women. An uninterrupted career prolongs time to parenthood for women but accelerates it for men. Low occupational prestige, being married and having been in only one co-residential union are associated with earlier parenthood for both men and women. For each increase in education level, not being married is associated with increasing levels of childlessness. Clear-cut gender differences are found in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Life-course experiences shape the risk of delaying childbearing.</li><br /><li>Tertiary-educated women are more than twice as likely to delay childbearing compared to their male counterparts.</li><br /><li>Marriage is a salient predictor for early entry into parenthood, despite of educational attainment.</li><br /><li>Clear-cut gender differences exist in the relationship between childlessness and childbearing delay.</li></ul>

Empathy as moderator of gender differences in Chinese insurance agents' business ethical sensitivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1029-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Zhang ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Ethical Sensitivity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Insurance Agents ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Ethics Research ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

To expand the business ethics research field, and to increase society's understanding of Chinese insurance agents' business ethics, we investigated how gender differences are related to agents' business ethical sensitivity and whether or not these relationships are moderated by empathy. Through a regression analysis of the factors associated with the business ethical sensitivity of 417 Chinese insurance agents, we found that gender played an important role in affecting business ethical sensitivity, and empathy significantly affected business ethical sensitivity. Furthermore, empathy had a moderating effect on the relationship between gender and business ethical sensitivity. Both men and women with strong empathy scored high on business ethical sensitivity; however, men with strong empathy had higher levels of business ethical sensitivity than did women with little empathy. The findings add to the literature by providing insight into the mechanisms responsible for the benefits of empathy in increasing business ethical sensitivity.

scholarly journals Gender differences in audio-vestibular disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 205873842092917
Author(s):  
Virginia Corazzi ◽  
Andrea Ciorba ◽  
Piotr Henryk Skarżyński ◽  
Magdalena B Skarżyńska ◽  
Chiara Bianchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Vestibular Disorders ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vestibular Tests ◽  
Medical Disciplines ◽  
The Relationship

In the last years, the attention to the role of gender in physiopathology and pharmacology of diseases in several medical disciplines is rising; however, the data on the relationship between gender and audio-vestibular disorders are still inconclusive and sometimes confusing. With this letter to the editor, we would like to review the role of gender in audio-vestibular disorders. Literature data show that anatomic variances of the inner ear do exist in men and women and that the different physiology and/or hormonal influence between genders could produce different clinical outcome of routine audiological and vestibular tests. Beyond the epidemiological gender-related differences, the clinical data suggest that the gender has a potential role as an etiopathogenetic factor in audio-vestibular disorders and it is probably responsible for the different clinical features observed between male and female subjects.

scholarly journals Exploring the relationship of emotional intelligence with mental health status in polish unemployed persons – differences between men and women

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna A. Knopp
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Mental Health Disorders ◽  
The State ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This study investigates the relationship between EI and the state of mental health of unemployed persons. Gender differences were also identified in terms of mental health and its correlation with EI. A sample of 160 Polish unemployed persons aged 35 to 45 years filled in self-descriptive measures of EI and mental health. Significant gender differences were found - unemployed women were characterised by a greater intensity of mental health disorders than unemployed men. EI was negatively correlated with mental health disorders, but the correlations were few and weaker than expected. However, when unemployed persons with a low, average and high EI were compared, it turned out that participants with a low EI were characterised by a significantly worse condition of mental health than participants with a average or high EI.

Organizational Support Factors and Work–Family Outcomes: Exploring Gender Differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1520-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malissa A. Clark ◽  
Cort W. Rudolph ◽  
Ludmila Zhdanova ◽  
Jesse S. Michel ◽  
Boris B. Baltes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Organizational Support ◽  
Intent To Quit ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Family Outcomes ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Work Family ◽  
The Relationship

The present study examines the relationship between a variety of organizational support factors and work–family outcomes, as well as gender differences in these relationships. A random sample of 229 working adults completed phone surveys, and multiple regression analysis was used to test the proposed relationships. Results showed that certain types of support may differentially benefit women and men, highlighting the value of having a supervisor and organization supportive of work–family balance. For example, having a supportive work–family supervisor was related to lower negative work–family spillover and intent to quit for women, and higher job satisfaction for men. Telecommuting use, on the other hand, was more beneficial for men than women in our sample. Given these findings, organizations should be aware that certain forms of support—particularly supervisor work–family support—may benefit men and women through different mechanisms.

Social change and status attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-666
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Krymkowski ◽  
Henryk Domaáski
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
National Level ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This paper tests hypotheses concerning the relationship between social change and occupational and earnings attainment among men and women in contemporary Poland. Utilizing national-level survey data from 1982, 1987, and 1991—3, we examine the effects of social background, educational attainment, and work experience on occupational prestige and earnings. Findings from regression and multilevel models reveal complex patterns of stability and change over time, and a number of interesting results emerge. Most significantly, the effect of years of education on both earnings and occupational prestige was fairly stable before 1989, but has been increasing — concurrently with the rise in the share of the private sector — since the end of state socialism. This increase occurred only among workers outside the service sector of the economy, however. In addition, the results for men and women are highly similar.

GENDER DIFFERENCES EXAMINED IN THE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION IN RESPECT OF THE PRISON STUFF ACROSS THE SERVICE

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Олег Михайлович Писарев
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Behavior Model ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Employees ◽  
Psychophysiological Research ◽  
Average Profile ◽  
Polygraph Testing ◽  
Management Staff ◽  
The Relationship

В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы обследования на полиграфе мужчин и женщин - сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы в рамках кадровых перемещений. С учетом имеющихся в психологической науке данных описывается ряд характерологических особенностей, в которых были обнаружены традиционные гендерные различия. Акцентируется внимание на учете специалистом-полиграфологом типовых моделей поведения обследуемых в процессе предтестовой беседы и тестирования на полиграфе с позиций гендерных различий персонала уголовно-исполнительной системы. Приведена практика проведения специальных психофизиологических исследований в отношении мужчин и женщин - сотрудников УФСИН России по Томской области, назначаемых на должности среднего начальствующего состава. Составлен психологический портрет усредненного профиля обследуемых по результатам психодиагностического обследования и инструментальной детекции лжи с применением полиграфа. При взаимодействии со специалистом-полиграфологом для обследуемых женщин характерен выбор демонстративной модели поведения, для мужчин характерен выбор сдержанно-корректного стиля поведения. Выявлена взаимосвязь между выбором модели поведения обследуемого на полиграфе лица и пола специалиста, осуществляющего опрос. Формулируется вывод о том, что учет гендерных различий обследуемых окажет помощь специалисту-полиграфологу в плане прогноза поведения тестируемых сотрудников в процессе полиграфной проверки, позволит сузить круг намеренно скрываемых ими факторов риска. The article deals with topical issues of polygraph examination of men and women employees of the criminal Executive system in the framework of personnel transfers. Taking into account the data available in psychological science, a number of characterological features are described, in which traditional gender differences were found. Attention is paid to the consideration by a polygraph specialist of typical behavior patterns in the process of pre-test conversation and polygraph testing from the perspective of gender differences in the personnel of the penal system. The practice of conducting special psychophysiological research in relation to men and women - employees of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia in the Tomsk region, appointed to the positions of middle management staff. A psychological portrait of the average profile of the subjects was compiled based on the results of psychodiagnostic examination and instrumental lie detection using a polygraph. When interacting with a specialist polygraph examiner, women are characterized by the choice of a demonstrative behavior model, while men are characterized by the choice of a reserved and correct behavior style. The relationship between the choice of the behavior model of the person being examined on a polygraph and the gender of the specialist conducting the survey is revealed. The conclusion is formulated that taking into account the gender differences of the subjects will help the polygraph specialist in terms of predicting the behavior of tested employees in the process of polygraph testing, will narrow the range of deliberately hidden risk factors.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Beliefs about Infant-Directed Speech: The Role of Family Dynamics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelia M. Kennison ◽  
Jennifer Byrd-Craven
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Family Dynamics ◽  
Infant Care ◽  
Verbal Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Relationship

The research investigated the relationship between family dynamics and the beliefs about the benefits of talking to infants. Prior research has shown that language development is enhanced by verbal interaction with others. We tested two hypotheses: (a) men may view talking to infants as less beneficial than women and (b) one’s relationships with parents would be related to the extent to which young adults view talking to infants as beneficial. In a study with 301 undergraduates (181 women, 120 men), we confirmed both hypotheses, showing that (a) men were less likely than women to view talking to infants as beneficial and (b) for both men and women, the more negative their relationship with their mother, the less likely they were to view talking to infants as beneficial. Implications for infant care are discussed.

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Anger and Aggressive Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052199187
Author(s):  
Martha K. Fahlgren ◽  
Joey C. Cheung ◽  
Nicole K. Ciesinski ◽  
Michael S. McCloskey ◽  
Emil F. Coccaro
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Midwestern University ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Behavioral Aggression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Affiliative Behaviors

Evidence is mixed regarding differences in prevalence of aggressive behavior, with many (though not all) studies suggesting that men are more aggressive than women. Furthermore, while aggression often occurs in response to provocation-induced anger, this relationship may be stronger for men; women may be more likely to engage in non-aggressive (e.g., affiliative) behaviors in response to provocation, particularly at low-level provocation. This study examined gender differences in aggression as well as differences in the relationship between anger and aggression for men and women. Adults ( N = 424) participated in a behavioral aggression task, and a subset of participants ( n = 304) completed a questionnaire assessing trait levels of anger as part of a larger study at a large midwestern university. Results indicated that while men and women aggressed at similar levels, aggression was significantly associated with trait anger for men only, at low levels of provocation, with only a trending relationship for high provocation. This suggests that while men and women may be equally aggressive in certain situations, this behavior may be differentially associated with anger.

Gender Differences in Moral Reasoning: Stable or Situational?

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Clopton ◽  
Gwendolyn T. Sorell
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Personal Relevance ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Situational Characteristics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Moral Problems ◽  
Gender Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Care Reasoning

Some researchers have proposed that women prefer care reasoning, which considers issues of need and sacrifice, and men prefer justice reasoning, which considers issues of fairness and rights. However, differences in approach to moral reasoning may be due to the different types of dilemmas women and men encounter rather than to differences in the ways men and women approach moral problems. The present study employed parenting dilemmas to determine whether restriction of domain would reduce gender differences in moral reasoning orientation. Dilemmas were presented or elicited and differed in difficulty, importance, and personal relevance to investigate the relationship between situational characteristics and care or justice reasoning. Women and men did not differ in their use of care or justice reasoning when the domain was restricted, supporting the conclusion that differences in moral reasoning orientation result from differences in current life situations rather than from stable gender characteristics.

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