ESTRATÉGIAS NUTRICIONAIS PARA AUMENTAR AS PROPRIEDADES NUTRACÊUTICAS DO LEITE: CONCENTRAÇÕES DE ENTEROLACTONA E ÁCIDO LINOLEICO CONJUGADO

Objetivou-se descrever estratégias nutricionais para aumentar as propriedades nutracêuticas do leite, incluindo principalmente estratégias para o aumento nas concentrações de enterolactona (EL) e ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA). Os compostos EL e CLA, ambos produzidos endogenamente a partir de componentes da dieta, são compostos bioativos presente no leite e têm sido apontados como compostos nutracêuticos, capazes de melhorar a saúde humana através da prevenção e tratamento de doenças. Estratégias nutricionais aplicadas na alimentação de vacas leiteiras possibilitam o aumento da concentração destes compostos no leite, tornando possível a produção de leite com maior potencial de beneficiamento a saúde humana. A inclusão de fontes de lignanas vegetais, como por exemplo, o farelo de linhaça e a inclusão de fontes de sacarose na dieta de vacas leiteiras possibilitam aumentar a concentração de EL no leite. Da mesma forma, o fornecimento de fontes ricas de ácidos graxos polinsaturados, como por exemplo, os óleos vegetais, possibilita o aumento da concentração de CLA no leite. A temática da nutrição animal voltada para o aumento das propriedades nutracêuticas do leite, apesar de estar iniciando, apresenta grande perspectiva, e é uma ferramenta valiosa para promoção da associação do leite com benefícios a saúde humana. Palavras-chave: nutracêutico; compostos bioativos; lignanas; vacas de leite; benefícios do leite; redução do risco de doenças. Nutritional strategies to improve nutraceutical proprieties of milk: improvements on milk enterolactone and conjugated linoleic acid ABSTRACT: This study aimed to describe nutritional strategies to increase milk nutraceutical properties, including mainly strategies to increase the concentrations of enterolactone (EL) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Enterolactone and CLA are endogenously produced from dietary components and have been identified as nutraceutical compounds with the potential of improving human health through the prevention and treatment of diseases. The concentration of these compounds in milk can be modulated through nutritional strategies which enable to produce milk with greater potential for improving human health. The inclusion of vegetable lignans sources, such as flaxseed meal and the inclusion of sucrose sources in the diet of dairy cows increase the concentration of EL in milk. Feeding sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as vegetable oils, results in increased concentration of CLA in milk. The application of animal nutrition to increase nutraceutical properties of milk is a valuable tool for promoting the association of milk with human health benefits and is of great interest. Keywords: nutraceutical proprieties; bioactive compounds; lignans; dairy cows; health benefits of milk; disease risk reduction.

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FLAXSEED MEAL FEEDING TO DAIRY COWS AS A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE MILK ENTEROLACTONE CONCENTRATION: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Nativa ◽

10.31413/nativa.v9i4.11809 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 373-381

Author(s):

Caren Paludo Ghedini ◽

Daiane Caroline de Moura

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Feeding Strategies ◽

Potential Health ◽

Flaxseed Meal ◽

Prostate Cancers ◽

Gastrointestinal Microbes ◽

Nutraceutical Properties

ABSTRACT: Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) is the richest source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG). In mammals, including bovine, SDG is converted to the mammalian lignans enterolactone (EL) and enterodiol (ED) by the action of gastrointestinal microbes. There is a great deal of interest in promoting increased intakes of lignans in humans’ diet due to the potential health benefits of mammalian lignans, especially in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolaemia, breast and prostate cancers, and osteoporosis. Consumption of milk and dairy products enriched in EL could be an excellent strategy to increase the intake of lignans by humans. This literature review will focus on presenting feeding strategies capable to improve milk enterolactone concentration. Research has demonstrated the potential of flaxseed meal (FM) feeding to dairy cows as a strategy to improve milk EL concentration, therefore enhancing milk nutraceutical proprieties. A considerable number of studies have demonstrated that feeding vegetable lignans-rich sources, such as FM, to dairy cows improves EL in milk. Additionally, it has been reported that changes in the carbohydrate profile of FM-based diets fed to dairy cows can alter the output of milk EL. The application of animal nutrition as a tool to increase nutraceutical properties of milk (i.e. increased EL concentration) is a valuable strategy for promoting the association of milk with humans’ health benefits and is of great interest in contemporary society. Keywords: nutraceutical proprieties, bioactive compounds, lignans, dairy cows, disease risk reduction

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Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements

Nutrition Research Reviews ◽

10.1017/s0954422411000114 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 206-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Tracy A. McCrorie ◽

Edel M. Keaveney ◽

Julie M. W. Wallace ◽

Nino Binns ◽

M. Barbara E. Livingstone

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Body Fat ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Health Claims

The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models or in vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend of c9, t11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to the t10, c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit of c9, t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularly t10, c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.

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Conjugated Linoleic Acid - The Natural Trans Fat: A Review

Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research ◽

10.18805/ajdfr.dr-1634 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

B. Indu ◽

H.M. Jayaprakasha

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Health Benefits ◽

Trans Fat ◽

Increased Risk

Milk has been known as nature’s most complete food for millennia, playing currently an important role in the diet of over six billion people in the world (Górska et al., 2019). They are daily consumption foodstuffs, considered as important source of energy and of a variety of bioactive substances positively associated with human health, such as proteins and peptides, oligosaccharides, lipids, minerals and vitamins. Milk fat is the costliest component and is mainly composed of triacylglycerols (~98%). The high concentration of saturated fatty acids (mainly that of palmitic, myristic and lauric acids) in the milk’s lipid fraction has generated some concern, because of their negative effects on human health, especially in relation with the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (Lordan et al., 2018). However, milk’s lipid fraction also contains mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid (C18:1 cis-9), linoleic acid and certain fatty acids with trans configuration that own immense health benefits. These trans fats are naturally present in milk. Fatty acids that contain conjugated trans double bonds are considered as a separate entity and can be called as Natural Trans Fat such as conjugated linoleic acid. The review aims on highlighting the isomers of CLA in milk, factors influencing CLA content, the health benefits, presence of CLA in dairy products and the aspects in designing CLA enriched milk fat concerning nutrition and health.

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Effects of abomasal infusion of essential fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid on performance and fatty acid, antioxidative, and inflammatory status in dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2019-17135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 972-991 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

S. Haubold ◽

C. Kröger-Koch ◽

A. Starke ◽

A. Tuchscherer ◽

A. Tröscher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Inflammatory Status ◽

Abomasal Infusion

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Conjugated linoleic acid: A potent fatty acid linked to animal and human health

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2015.1060190 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 57 (13) ◽

pp. 2737-2748 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Parisa Shokryazdan ◽

Mohamed Ali Rajion ◽

Goh Yong Meng ◽

Liang Juan Boo ◽

Mahdi Ebrahimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Human Health

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Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Subcutaneous and Omental Adipose Tissue Reveals Increased Lipid Turnover in Dairy Cows Supplemented with Conjugated Linoleic Acid

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22063227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 3227

Author(s):

Jayasimha Rayalu Daddam ◽

Harald M. Hammon ◽

Arnulf Tröscher ◽

Laura Vogel ◽

Martina Gnott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthase ◽

Control Diet ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽

Phosphorylation Sites ◽

Lipid Turnover

Phosphoproteomics is a cutting-edge technique that can be utilized to explore adipose tissue (AT) metabolism by quantifying the repertoire of phospho-peptides (PP) in AT. Dairy cows were supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, n = 5) or a control diet (CON, n = 5) from 63 d prepartum to 63 d postpartum; cows were slaughtered at 63 d postpartum and AT was collected. We performed a quantitative phosphoproteomics analysis of subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) AT using nanoUPLC-MS/MS and examined the effects of CLA supplementation on the change in the phosphoproteome. A total of 5919 PP were detected in AT, and the abundance of 854 (14.4%) were differential between CON and CLA AT (p ≤ 0.05 and fold change ± 1.5). The abundance of 470 PP (7.9%) differed between OM and SC AT, and the interaction treatment vs. AT depot was significant for 205 PP (3.5% of total PP). The integrated phosphoproteome demonstrated the up- and downregulation of PP from proteins related to lipolysis and lipogenesis, and phosphorylation events in multiple pathways, including the regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, mTOR signaling, insulin signaling, AMPK signaling, and glycolysis. The differential regulation of phosphosite on a serine residue (S777) of fatty acid synthase (FASN) in AT of CLA-supplemented cows was related to lipogenesis and with more phosphorylation sites compared to acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSS2). Increased protein phosphorylation was seen in acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACACA;8 PP), FASN (9 PP), hormone sensitive lipase (LIPE;6 PP), perilipin (PLIN;3 PP), and diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLA;1 PP) in CLA vs. CON AT. The relative gene expression in the SC and OM AT revealed an increase in LIPE and FASN in CLA compared to CON AT. In addition, the expression of DAGLA, which is a lipid metabolism enzyme related to the endocannabinoid system, was 1.6-fold higher in CLA vs. CON AT, and the expression of the cannabinoid receptor CNR1 was reduced in CLA vs. CON AT. Immunoblots of SC and OM AT showed an increased abundance of FASN and a lower abundance of CB1 in CLA vs. CON. This study presents a complete map of the SC and the OM AT phosphoproteome in dairy cows following CLA supplementation and discloses many unknown phosphorylation sites, suggestive of increased lipid turnover in AT, for further functional investigation.

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