scholarly journals CHINA − KAZAKHSTAN ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND ONE BELT ONE ROAD CONSTRUCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Gelvig Svetlana
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
The One ◽  
Main Components

China and Kazakhstan are long-term partners, which economic relations have reached a new level of the strategic partnership. The “One Belt, One Road” initiative brings new opportunities and challenges for the development of bilateral economic interactions and for the entire Central Asia region. The author made an original analysis of the main components of economic cooperation between the two countries, including energy cooperation, current trade infrastructure and identifying the prospects for implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. Based on the long-term relationship, strategic partnership and trade cooperation between China and Kazakhstan, construction and combining of the Chinese “One Belt One Road” initiative and Kazakhstan “Bright Road Plan” is the new era for China-Kazakhstan economic development. According to the current research, the construction of this infrastructure will have a direct impact on flows of foreign investments, production development and transport infrastructure. In addition, the construction of the “One Belt, One Road” plan has a great importance for promoting the development of Chinese-Kazakh economic relations and solving difficulties in economic exchanges.

scholarly journals KAZAKHSTAN-CHINA UNDER THE INITIATIVE «ONE BELT - ONE ROAD» RELATIONSHIPS AND CONFLICT ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Darkenov ◽  
◽  
K. Kakar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
North West ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Eurasian Continent ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
The One ◽  
The Silk Road

Central Asia is the heart of the Eurasian continent, a region directly adjacent to China, and the Silk Road, which connects the Eurasian continent, passes through this region. Kazakhstan is a country rich in natural resources and energy in Central Asia. Apart from the mineral resources of Central Asia, its location as the center of two continents, its importance in China's foreign trade and its strategic position in the defense of the North-West Frontier, made Kazakhstan known to the world about the location of this project. Since 2014, China has focused on the "One Belt - One Road" strategy in the region. Since 2014, economic relations between the two countries have developed under the "One Belt - One Road" initiative, but the problems remain. The article is devoted to the analysis of economic relations between the two countries and give some suggestions to solve the problem

ASYMMETRIC INTERDEPENDENCE AS A BASIS FOR FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC COOPERATION IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1477-1488
Author(s):  
R.V. Ozarnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
The Face ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The One

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of financial and economic cooperation between countries at the present stage, as well as the features of financial and economic relations diversification in order to reduce the asymmetric interdependence of countries in the face of increasing global imbalances, increased volatility of world financial markets, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The subject of this research is economic relations arising in the process of interaction between countries both on a bilateral basis and in a multilateral format. The paper deals with Russian-Chinese cooperation. On the one hand, the complementarity of the basic sectors of the economy of the two countries objectively contributes to increasing cooperation and trade. On the other hand, the asymmetric interdependence of Russia and its foreign trade partners, in particular China, contributes to the conservation of an archaic trade model based on Russian raw material export and Chinese manufacturing products. Methods for diversifying financial and economic relations are proposed, consisting in expanding the flows of foreign direct investment, using and developing technical and innovative progress, reducing transaction costs, trade and investment barriers, deepening Russian-Chinese cooperation within the BRICS, SCO and other organizations and expanding the scope of using national currencies in mutual settlements. The research is based on general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, graphic interpretation of statistical information, time series. On the basis of the study, the author concluded that diversification of financial and economic relations helps to reduce the asymmetric interdependence of countries at the present stage. The novelty of the article lies in the substantiation of the phenomenon of asymmetric interdependence as a method for studying the problems and trends of financial and economic cooperation between countries, highlighting the drivers of diversification, which allows reducing asymmetric interdependence. On the basis of a comparative statistical analysis, the tendency of reorientation of Russia’s foreign economic activity towards Asian markets, in particular, the PRC market, has been confirmed.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Rhys Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Domestic Consumption ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The One

By way of conclusion, this chapter focusses on two issues. The first is how China’s relations with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are likely to be affected in the future by recent changes in the Chinese economy and its internationalization. Since 2012, the Chinese economy has been characterized by a ‘New Normal’ of slower economic growth and a rebalancing of the economy towards increased domestic consumption and less reliance on investment and exports. China also launched the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative in 2013, which seeks to link China with other Asian countries and Europe through major investment projects. The second issue concerns the continuing tensions that derive from the asymmetric economic relations between China and the two regions and whether steps will be taken to resolve them.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA-KAZAKHSTAN AND CHINA-UZBEKISTAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS (2013-2020): A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Mengkewuliji Mengkewuliji
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Western China ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Energy Independence ◽  
The One ◽  
Transit Routes

This paper explores the development of trade and economic relations between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan since the introduction of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in 2013 until the economic slowdown in 2020. The author also compares the different ways in which China–Kazakhstan and China–Uzbekistan trade and economic relations were developed. The research reveals a significant role of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative in the rapid growth of bilateral cooperation between China and Kazakhstan, and China and Uzbekistan in the spheres of trade, infrastructure development, finance and energy. Kazakhstan and China put the emphasis on infrastructure development and trade, including the manufactured products. Uzbekistan and China focused on trade in energy resources. China's investment in both Central Asian countries grew equally, however Kazakhstan received more Chinese loans than Uzbekistan. China provided loans to both countries only on condition of their cooperation with Chinese companies operating in Central Asia. New transit routes were built within the framework of the "One Belt – One Road" initiative. China, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan implemented joint highways projects such as the Kabul and Trans-Caspian corridors. While China and Kazakhstan developed continental infrastructure projects such as "Western China-Western Europe", China and Uzbekistan focused more on local programs such as the construction of the Kamchik tunnel. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan pursued different energy policies toward China. Kazakhstan was developing equal cooperation with China and Russia in energy sphere. Uzbekistan tried to pursue a policy of energy independence, and when it failed, it began to work more closely with China. Other significant differences between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan included their positions regarding the financial structures of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. During discussion of the SCO Development Bank project, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan supported Chinese and Russian projects respectively.

scholarly journals “One Belt, One Road” Project as a new foreign policy strategy of China. Short analysis of the discussion inside China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 88-103
Author(s):  
M. S. Mikhalev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Objective Understanding ◽  
The One ◽  
The Mind

One of the most significant international infrastructure projects of our time is undoubtedly the foreign policy initiative “One belt, One Road” announced by China ’s leader Xi Jinping in 2013. Despite the fact that the true reasons, scale and long-term goals of this global project of China have not been definitively formulated yet, it is obvious the “One Belt, One Road” Project has surpassed its originally stated infrastructure and economic guidelines and become an ambitious long-term plan to promote the Chinese economic model around the world. From the point the Chinese planners the initiative of Xi Jinping is able in the near future to provide a platform for harmonious coexistence and solidarity between various countries and entire civilizations that while remaining independent from each other politically and culturally, will be economically interdependent and share a common desire for a harmonious co-development. The principles and ideals on which, to the mind of the initiators of the “One Belt, One Road” Project, such a civilizational dialogue of equals should be built, require the most serious attention and careful study. Unfortunately, in most modern publications on this topic, the analysis of the reasons, goals and objectives of the global Chinese initiative is carried out only on the basis of official documents of the Chinese government and the positions of those experts in China, whose opinion rather reflects their own attitude to the “One Belt, One Road” Project than is decisive in the process of internal Chinese discussion on this issue. It seems that this approach does not contribute to the formation of an objective understanding of the conditions under which this new foreign policy of China is born and to what consequences it could lead. In contrast, in this article, an attempt is made to consider the origins and to interpret the goals of “One Belt, One Road” Project through the analysis of the discussion taking place inside China which is not intended for the external audience.

scholarly journals Discussion on “One Belt One Road” Construction and International Financial Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Miao ◽  
Christian Asmussen
Keyword(s):  
Road Construction ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Financial Cooperation ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Investment And Financing ◽  
Important Sign ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Construction

Under the grand economic vision of opening up and cooperation among countries, the world economy is gradually recovering, and economic and trade exchanges between countries are increasing, which is an important sign of sound economic development. At the same time, we need the joint efforts of all countries to move towards the goal of mutual benefit and common development.We should fully develop one of the "one belt one road" in the economic construction. At the same time, we need to deepen economic cooperation, improve the investment and financing system and credit system, and China International Finance is particularly important. International financial cooperation is one of the difficulties things and “One belt one road” is the same. The financial market's influence on the economic outflow of funds is not to be ignored. Based on this background, one will take the "one belt one road" as the starting point to explore the problems of international financial cooperation.

scholarly journals Implications of «One Belt, One Road» Strategy for China and Eurasia

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Guo Cheng ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Denis Andreevich Degterev ◽  
Jielin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Exchanges ◽  
The One ◽  
Cultural Bridge

The «One Belt, One Road» (OBOR) initiative was proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping during his visits to Kazakhstan and Indonesia, in 2013. The initiative «One Belt, One Road» could be fully treated as a comprehensive domestic and foreign policy concept. OBOR is designed to strengthen China as an attractive actor in the global market and advance its soft power. It is mostly aimed at increasing economic exchanges between China and the world. Historically the concept of the «Silk Road» was not only focused on the trade agenda. It also had rather significant cultural meaning. Obviously, the OBOR initiative could serve as a cultural bridge between China and the world and in this sense, emphases the dialogue between civilizations, not only markets and forces. With its long-term interests, China treats OBOR as a grand strategy. The initiative has been extensively discussed among academics and policy-makers both inside and outside China. The article shows also coordinating efforts of China and Russia in regional development as well as the internationalization of Central Asian region after 1991 and the role of China in this process. Contours of possible great powers rivalry as well as lack of mutual political trust between the Central Asian countries are described. This article intends to provide the analysis on the issue from the Chinese scholars’ perspective.

Kazakhstan's China Silk Road will open up Central Asia

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Political Economic

Significance The network of new land routes to link East Asia and Europe was first raised by President Xi Jinping on a 2013 visit to Kazakhstan, through which the more critical central corridor passes, with connections to the northern one. Kazakhstan's government strongly supports the endeavour, as it helps it achieve a number of goals: improving domestic infrastructure, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), boosting employment in road construction and related industries and, in the long term, diminishing dollarisation of the economy. Impacts Greater political, economic and cultural ties are expected to be forged between Kazakhstan and China. Improved transport infrastructure is to increase Kazakhstan's competitiveness and improve its attractiveness for FDI. Central Asian inter-regional trade is likely to increase.

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