How reliable is measurement of posture during sleep: real-world measurement of body posture and movement during sleep using accelerometers

Objective Understanding sleeping behaviours could improve prevention and treatment of sleep problems and associated health conditions. This study aimed to evaluate a method to assess body posture and movement during sleep using trunk-worn accelerometers for 28 days. Approach Participants (50 adults with low back pain (66% female); aged 32(±9) years) wore two activPAL-micro sensors (thigh, trunk) during their normal daily life for 28 consecutive days. Parameters related to body posture (e.g., time spent lying supine or prone) and movement (e.g., number of turns) during sleep were calculated for each night. Average values for each parameter were identified for different periods, the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula was used to estimate the minimum number of nights required to obtain a reliable estimate of each parameter, and repeatability of measures between different weeks was calculated. Main Results Participants spent 8.1(±0.8) hours asleep and most time (44%) was spent in a supine posture. The minimum number of nights required for reliable estimates varied between sleep parameters, range 4-21 nights. The most stable parameters (i.e., requiring less than seven nights) were “average activity”, “no. of turns”, “time spent prone”, and “posture changes in the first hour”. Some measures differed substantially between weeks. Significance Most sleep parameters related to body posture and movement require a week or more of monitoring to provide reliable estimates of behaviour over one month. Notably, one week may not reflect behaviour in another week, and the time varying nature of sleep needs to be considered.

Polish Consumers’ Understanding of Different Front-of-Package Food Labels: A Randomized Experiment

Dietary practices are a key behavioral factor in chronic disease prevention; one strategy for improving such practices population-wise involves front-of-package labels (FoPL). This online randomized study, conducted in a quota-based sample of 1159 Polish adults (mean age = 40.9 ± 15.4 years), assessed the objective understanding of five FoPL: Health Star Rating, Multiple Traffic Lights, NutriScore, Reference Intakes (RI) and Warning Label. Objective understanding was evaluated by comparing results of two nutritional quality ranking tasks (without/with FoPL) using three food categories (breakfast cereals, cakes, pizza). Associations between FoPL exposure and objective understanding were assessed via multivariable ordinal logistic regression. Compared to RI and across food categories, significant improvement in objective understanding was seen for NutriScore (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.41–2.91) and Warning Label (OR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12–2.32). In age-stratified analyses, significant improvement in objective understanding compared to RI emerged mainly among adults aged 18–30 years randomized to NutriScore (all food categories: OR = 3.88; 95% CI: 2.04–7.36; cakes: OR = 6.88; 95% CI: 3.05–15.51). Relative to RI, NutriScore was associated with some improvement in objective understanding of FoPL across and within food categories, especially among young adults. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate about an EU-wide FoPL model.

Struggling With Extensive Informed Consent Procedures for Cancer Trails – Is There Even a Benefit for the Patients?

PurposeInformed consent procedures in clinical trials often differ in length and complexity to those in clinical routine care. Little is known about the benefit of extensive procedures as intended in clinical trials compared to procedures in routine cancer treatment. MethodsIn two different clinical studies performed at a comprehensive cancer center, we compared patients’ comprehension and satisfaction of current informed consent procedures in routine clinical care with the level of comprehension and satisfaction of patients treated within clinical trials. Patients with a new cancer diagnosis and recent informed consent received a questionnaire about satisfaction, comprehension, time management and physician-patient relationship of the informed consent process. Patients in cohort 1 consented to cancer treatment within a clinical trial and were additionally interviewed in a structured way; patients in cohort 2 consented to “standard” chemotherapy and received a follow-up questionnaire after 6 months. ResultsIn cohort 1, 82 patients completed the questionnaire and had an additional structured interview. They were treated in 41 different trials, receiving up to 40 pages of educational material. In cohort 2, 89 patients completed the first and 52 completed the follow-up questionnaire after receiving a standard informed consent form of 6 pages. Subjective understanding and satisfaction with the information provided was equally very high. However, deficits in objective understanding were observed in both cohorts. ConclusionExtensive informed consent procedures for clinical cancer trials have not been associated with a higher level of satisfaction or measurable objective understanding, therefore the benefit seems to be limited.

Understanding the Creation of Abstract Concepts beyond the Intangible and Tangible Materials of Land Art

Background and objective: Understanding abstract art as an art form requires depth of thought. Moreover, understanding land art as abstract art is challenging, given its focus on the minimalism and abstract concepts. Much focus, research, and work were actively conducted in the 1970s, as it represented an abstract expression of minimalism. The characteristics of minimalism connote abstract meanings in the use of materials. Nevertheless, the original research of works or artists has often been mentioned, but few studies have analyzed the abstract language of land art materials. The aim of this study is to thus determine the abstract meanings of materials in land art from the 1970s to the 2010s.Methods: Art-based research was employed to address the aim. This study classified the land art materials into intangible and tangible materials, where intangible materials focused on lines, circles, and labyrinths, and tangible materials focused on the earth, stones, wood, and snow.Results: Intangible and tangible materials of land art conveyed various abstract meanings. Intangible materials were reflective of connection and symbiosis with nature, delivering abstract languages of ‘take-nothing,’ ‘reflection’ and ‘opportunity.’ Tangible materials reflected the abstract concepts of ‘intervention,’ ‘resistance,’ ‘unliving,’ and ‘change,’ and conveyed caveats. In other words, taken together, intangible and tangible materials were presented in symbiosis–and with caveats–and delivered messages for the present and the future. Interestingly, intangible materials inherently reflect symbiosis and communicate caveats in works based on a non-contextualized present and future.Conclusion: Interpretation of the abstract languages derived from intangible and tangible materials could imply a symbiosis between humans and nature, while conveying the message that caveats, to humans, are still ongoing. This relationship plays a significant role in an artist’s selection of a medium, which is reflective of abstract beliefs reflected in contemporary, nature-based works created on Earth.

The goals of the Mongol invaders according to European sources of the middle of the XIII century. Part 1

The middle of the XIII century - the apogee of power of the unified Mongol Empire. In 1241-1242, the first, bloodiest and most destructive Mongol invasion into Europe took place. Certainly, it was vital for the Europeans to find an answer to the question: what did the invaders want, what goals did they pursue? In this article, the author shows that, due to the abundance of contradictory information and the acute lack of an objective understanding of the new enemy at first, European political and ecclesiastical figures attributed many goals to the Mongols (at least eighteen!), of which only three were fully confirmed - an attack on Russia, Poland, and Hungary, and the rest were either not realized for some reason, or arose in minds of the Europeans themselves. All these goals, identified in various official and unofficial European sources, mainly dating from the middle of the XIII century, are discussed here taking into account information from synchronous Eastern sources. Despite well-known ideas of a world-building monarchy, perhaps actually hatched by the Mongol khans, events in Europe suggest that their main goal there was to punish the Hungarian king Bela IV, who refused to hand over the Polovtsians hiding in Hungary to the Mongols.

The goals of the Mongol invaders according to European sources of the middle of the XIII century. Part 2

The middle of the XIII century - the apogee of power of the unified Mongol Empire. In 1241-1242, the first, bloodiest and most destructive Mongol invasion into Europe took place. Certainly, it was vital for the Europeans to find an answer to the question: what did the invaders want, what goals did they pursue? In this article, the author shows that, due to the abundance of contradictory information and the acute lack of an objective understanding of the new enemy at first, European political and ecclesiastical figures attributed many goals to the Mongols (at least eighteen!), of which only three were fully confirmed - an attack on Russia, Poland, and Hungary, and the rest were either not realized for some reason, or arose in minds of the Europeans themselves. All these goals, identified in various official and unofficial European sources, mainly dating from the middle of the XIII century, are discussed here taking into account information from synchronous Eastern sources. Despite well-known ideas of a world-building monarchy, perhaps actually hatched by the Mongol khans, events in Europe suggest that their main goal there was to punish the Hungarian king Bela IV, who refused to hand over the Polovtsians hiding in Hungary to the Mongols.

POWER GAMES IN THE MEN’S SUBCULTURE OF THE TRADITIONAL OSSETIAN SOCIETY

Мировоззренческие установки, характерные для мужской субкультуры, являются важными элементами духовной культуры традиционного общества. В силу доминирующего положения мужчин в традиционном обществе их система ценностей оказывала большое влияние на весь социум. Мужские ценности и нормы поведения, характерные для традиционного общества, в трансформированном виде существуют и в современном обществе. Вследствие этого комплексное исследование мужской субкультуры прошлого необходимо для объективного понимания путей развития и выявления скрытых тенденций в эволюции современного общества. В значительной мере мужская субкультура отражена в бытовавших среди мужского населения каждого этноса традиционных играх, забавах и развлечениях. В предлагаемой статье на осетинском материале рассмотрены традиционные силовые игры как один из аспектов мужской субкультуры. Научная новизна определяется тем, что настоящая работа является первым комплексным исследованием мужских силовых игр у осетин. Источниками при разработке поставленной проблемы послужили этнографический материал, фольклорные тексты и данные осетинского языка. В ходе исследования рассмотрены бытовавшие в прошлом у осетин игры и состязания, требовавшие от участников значительной физической активности, мышечной силы и силы духа. Выявлены варианты некоторых из рассматриваемых игр и состязаний и их деление на индивидуальные, парные и групповые. Определены место и роль силовых игр и состязаний в мужской субкультуре осетин. Рассмотрены стереотипы поведения мужчин при проведении различных силовых состязаний. Установлено воздействие силовых игр на упрочение мужской коллективной идентичности в традиционном обществе. Обосновано наличие тесной связи между мужскими силовыми играми и магическо-ритуальными церемониями в традиционном осетинском обществе. The ideological attitudes characteristic of the men’s subculture are important elements in the structure of traditional society. Due to the dominant position of men in a traditional society, their value system exerted great influence on the entire society. Men’s values and norms of behavior characteristic of a traditional society in a transformed form exist in the modern society as well. As a result, a comprehensive study of the men’s subculture of the past is necessary for an objective understanding of the ways of development and identification of hidden trends in the evolution of modern society. To a large extent, the men’s subculture is reflected in traditional games, amusements and entertainment that existed among the men’s population of each ethnic group. This article examines traditional power games as one of the aspects of the men’s subculture based on the Ossetian material. The scientific novelty is determined by the fact that this work is the first comprehensive study of men’s power games among the Ossetians. Ethnographic material, folklore texts and data of the Ossetian language served as the sources for the development of the problem. In the course of the research, the Ossetians in the past were considered games and competitions, which required from the participants significant physical activity, muscle strength and fortitude. Variants of some of the games and competitions under consideration have been established and their division into individual, pair and group ones. The place and role of power games and competitions in the men’s subculture of Ossetians has been determined. Stereotypes of men's behavior during various power competitions are considered. The influence of power games on strengthening men’s collective identity in the traditional society has been established. The presence of a close connection between men’s power games and magic-ritual ceremonies in the traditional Ossetian society was revealed.

(Re)pensando a infância na atenção primária em saúde: uma narrativa dos sonhos e tropeços da terapia ocupacional nesse nível assistencial/Rethinking about childhood in primary health care: a narrative of the dreams and struggles of occupational therapy at the basic health services

ResumoIntrodução: Tradicionalmente, as ações de cuidado da infância na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) são orientadas por abordagens higienistas, eugênicas e biomédicas. Essas premissas também têm influenciado as ações de terapia ocupacional junto à infância nesse nível assistencial. O artigo reflete sobre a necessidade e as possibilidades de inserir as ações da terapia ocupacional em propostas que considerem o conceito de infância como norteador, uma vez que o mesmo é complexo, histórico, sociocultural e estrutural na sociedade. Objetivo: Compreender a natureza das ações de terapia ocupacional desenvolvidas pelo Laboratório de Estudos em Reabilitação e Tecnologia Assistiva – REATA – da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, na APS, voltadas à infância. Método: Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório analítico, que utilizou, como fonte de dados documental, os registros produzidos pelo Laboratório REATA, entre os anos de 2008 e 2020, cujos conteúdos foram analisados à luz do conceito de infância. Resultados e discussão: Implementou-se ações de terapia ocupacional na UBS de formação continuada, matriciamento, atendimentos individuais, em grupo, e intersetoriais, por 12 anos. Dentre as 150 crianças atendidas, apenas 12 foram encaminhadas a outros serviços, explicitando a resolutividade da APS. Muitos desafios foram encontrados na construção das ações voltadas às crianças e suas famílias, além da ressignificação das ações de terapia ocupacional, em direção à superação da ideia do déficit e da correção dos corpos, na direção da observação da infância e do lúdico. Conclusão: Ainda é necessário desconstruir um ideário de reabilitação médico-centrado e hospitalocêntrico vigente na APS.Palavras-chave: Terapia Ocupacional. Atenção Primária à saúde. Saúde da Criança. Bem-estar. AbstractIntroduction: Traditionally, childhood care actions in Primary Health Care (PHC) have been guided by hygienist, eugenic and biomedical approaches. These assumptions have also influenced occupational therapy actions with children at this care level. This article reflects on the need and possibilities of inserting occupational therapy actions in proposals that consider the concept of childhood as a guide, since it is complex, historical, socio-cultural and structural in society. Objective: Understanding the nature of occupational therapy actions developed by Laboratory of Studies in Rehabilitation and Assistive Technology – REATA – School of Medicine, University of São Paulo in PHC aimed at childhood. Method: This is a qualitative research, with an exploratory analytical character, which used as a source of documentary data the records produced by REATA Laboratory between 2008 and 2020, whose contents were analyzed in light of the concept of childhood. Results and discussion: Occupational therapy actions were implemented at the PHC service for continuing education, matrix support, individual, group and intersectorial care for 12 years. Among the 150 children assisted, only 12 were referred to other services, explaining the resolution of the PHC. Many challenges were found in the construction of actions aimed at children and their families, in addition to the redefinition of occupational therapy actions, concerning overcoming the idea of deficit and the correction of bodies, towards the observation of childhood and playfulness. Conclusion: It is still necessary to deconstruct the current medical-centered and hospital-centered rehabilitation ideals in PHC.Keywords: Occupational Therapy. Primary Health Care. Child Health. Childhood Welfare.ResumenIntroducción: Tradicionalmente, las acciones de atención a la infancia en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) se guían por enfoques higienistas, eugenésicos y biomédicos. Estos supuestos también han influido en las acciones de terapia ocupacional con niños en este nivel de atención. El artículo reflexiona sobre la necesidad y posibilidades de insertar acciones de terapia ocupacional en propuestas que consideren el concepto de infancia como guía, por ser complejo, histórico, sociocultural y estructural en la sociedad. Objetivo: Comprender la naturaleza de las acciones de terapia ocupacional desarrolladas por el Laboratorio de Estudios en Rehabilitación y Tecnología de asistencia - REATA - Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de São Paulo en APS dirigidas a niños. Metodo: Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, de carácter analítico exploratorio, que utilizó como fuente de datos documentales los registros producidos por el Laboratório REATA entre 2008 y 2020, cuyos contenidos fueron analizados a la luz del concepto de infancia. Resultados y discusión: Se implementaron acciones de terapia ocupacional en la UBS para educación continua, apoyo matricial, atención individual, grupal e intersectorial durante 12 años. De los 150 niños atendidos, solo 12 fueron derivados a otros servicios, explicando la resolución de la APS. Numerosos desafíos se encontraron en la construcción de acciones dirigidas a los niños y sus familias, además de la redefinición de las acciones de terapia ocupacional, hacia la superación de la idea de déficit y la corrección de cuerpos, hacia la observación de la infancia y la alegría. Conclusión: Todavía es necesario deconstruir los ideales actuales de rehabilitación centrada en la medicina y en el hospital en la APS.Palabras clave: Terpia Ocupacional. Atención Primaria de Salud. Salud Infantil. Bienestar infantil.

How the dignity was understood in law in past and how it should be today

In the current legal discourse, the concept of dignity is becoming more common. It is considered the highest axiom, which every violation deserves to be condemned. However, we forget about the conceptual basis of a given concept, its history and original overtones. We do not remember that certain concepts are created solely to systematize the created or existing social and political situations. The purpose of the article is to attempt to answer the question of how to understand the concept of dignity in legal discourse. It is worth bearing in mind that dignity is indicated as "this" (value or maybe something else) from which human rights originate. That is why it should be rejected as a value because the value itself is not a value. However, one must opt for an objective understanding of dignity, rejecting its moral background proposed, among others by the doctrine of the Catholic Church, if we want to treat it as a legal category.