scholarly journals SOME THOUGHTS ON SEPARATION OF POWERS: WESTMINSTER MODEL versus AMERICAN MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim bin Ismail
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Westminster Model ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
American Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
Model Versus

The focus of this paper is of the working system of government based on the theory of separation of powers. The theory in its original idea is hardly implemented in the world today. Necessary modifications and adjustments ought to be made to suit the adopting countries. As a result of the theory, there exists two dominant world governmental systems, which have been championed by the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The UK’s system is better known as the Westminster model or parliamentary system; whereas the USA’s system is popularly known as the presidential system. Each system has its own strengths and weaknesses. This paper also highlights the influence of the theory through constitutional provisions and judicial pronouncements, which indicates the modification of the two models to suit countries like Malaysia.

scholarly journals COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 14 (Reporting week to 23:59 AEST 3 May 2020)

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Travel ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Overseas Travel ◽  
Health Action

Confirmed cases in Australia notified up to 03 May 2020: notifications = 6,784; deaths = 89. The reduction in international travel and domestic movement, social distancing measures and public health action have likely slowed the spread of COVID-19 in Australia. Currently new notifications in Australia are mostly considered to be locally-acquired with some cases still reported among people with recent overseas travel. Most locally-acquired cases can be linked back to a confirmed case or known cluster, with a small portion unable to be epidemiologically linked to another case. The ratio of overseas-acquired cases to locally-acquired cases varies by jurisdiction. The crude case fatality rate (CFR) in Australia remains low (1.3%) compared to the World Health Organization’s globally-reported rate (7.1%) and to other comparable high-income countries such as the United States of America (5.7%) and the United Kingdom (15.4%). The lower CFR in Australia is likely reflective of high case ascertainment including detection of mild cases. Internationally, cases continue to increase. The rates of increase have started to slow in several regions, although it is too soon to tell whether this trend will be sustained.

scholarly journals Análisis de indicadores de ventajas comparativas reveladas: competitividad de las exportaciones de fresa (Fragaria spp.) mexicana

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Quintero-Ramírez ◽  
José Miguel Omaña-Silvestre ◽  
Laura Cecilia Ramírez-Padrón
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
The Third ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World

China and the main United States of America producing strawberry countries in 2016, contributed as a whole more than forty per cent of the entire volume of strawberry produced in the world. Spain, the United States of America, Mexico and Netherlands are the main exporting countries, while the main importer countries were the United States of America, Germany, Canada, France and the United Kingdom; the same year, Mexico occupied the third place like producing and third place between the exporting countries. In the previous context, this one investigation raises the analysis of the competitiveness of the strawberry produced in Mexico as regards Spain and the United States of America those who are the biggest exporters of the product on a global scale; by means of the calculation of the index of revealed comparative advantage of Vollrath (IVCR) for the period 1994-2016, the analysis of the indicator recounts that the competitiveness was increasing and that Mexico is provided with a comparative advantage revealed in the strawberry exportation

scholarly journals Naturalised United States Citizens and Presidency – Why Naturalised Citizens Should Be Allowed to Run for President

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Przygoda ◽  
Miroslaw Przygoda
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Generation ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
American People ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
The World ◽  
Presidential System ◽  
American Nation

The United States of America is currently undeniably the world’s greatest economic and military superpower. This position allows US political leaders to fundamentally and decisively influence affairs the world over, as well as on the national level – because of the United States’ presidential system, the person chosen for the position is responsible, by their leadership abilities, personality and determination, for the fates of millions of their compatriots. However, the Constitution allows the office of the President to be held by a given person for a maximum of two 4-year terms – and only by a so-called natural-born citizen. This bars a large portion of citizens access from this highest of offices, most notably first generation naturalised immigrants. The American people are intimately attached to the principles of democracy, which is considered one of the defining pillars of the American nation. For this reason, the viability of that particular constitutional record has been debated for many years, as it fundamentally limits the rights of some Americans.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
John S.C. Afele
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
September 11 ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Tony Blair ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Policies And Programs

Issues about global security have become preeminent in the hallowed corridors of global diplomacy, especially following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the mainland of the United States of America. The events of September 11, 2001, stand alone in their nature and causes, but they have also aroused a renewed sense of urgency in the implementation of policy decisions and deployment of technological responses to issues and regions of insecurities around the world. World leaders, writers, experts, and groups have pointed to the need for a comprehensive understanding of the anger that some societies harbour against other segments of the global community and leadership, and for the implementation of policies and programs to eliminate poverty, injustice, and discontent around the world. The expected outcome of the global coalition to defeat terror was echoed by the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Tony Blair, in his Churchillian speech to his governing Labour Party:

scholarly journals Delta-1 variant of SARS-COV-2 acquires spike V1264L and drives the pandemic in Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Jiao Yang
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Subcellular Trafficking ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dileucine Motif ◽  
The World

Abstract Since April 2021, delta variant of SARS-COV-2 has gradually overtaken all other variants and become a dominant pandemic driver around the world. It has evolved and yielded four subvariants: delta1, delta2, delta3 and delta4. While trying to understand how these subvariants drive the pandemic in Southeast Asia, I noticed that many d1 genomes from Indonesia encode an extra spike substitution, V1264L. Coincidentally, this confers an acidic dileucine motif because residues 1157-1262 are acidic and residue 1265 is leucine. Such a motif may affect subcellular trafficking of the resulting spike protein. Alarmingly, this V1264L-encoding delta1 subvariant (referred to as delta1L) has become the dominant pandemic driver in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and East Timor. Moreover, it has acquired additional spike substitutions: L1234L in Singapore and D215Y/N in Malaysia. On the average, the resulting sublineages carry 46-48 mutations per genome, making them some of the most mutated variants identified so far. Moreover, a d1 sublineage from the United Kingdom has acquired V1264L along with spike Y145H and A222V, a signature substitution of a SARS-COV-2 clade that was a major pandemic driver in Europe during the summer of 2020. A222V improves an extensive hydrophobic interaction network at the N-terminal domain of spike protein and may make this sublineage more virulent than delta1 and delta1L. Some delta2 subvariant genomes identified in the United States of America and other countries also encode V1264L. Thus, V1264L is a recurrent spike substitution frequently acquired by d subvariants during convergent evolution. This recurrence also suggests that V1264L is one key mechanism by which d variant adopts to expand its ‘evolutionary cage.’

scholarly journals Transferring Dematerialized Shares in Germany, Austria and in the United States of America

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Rosen Petkov Baltov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Short Presentation

The present article is aimed at briefly reviewing the historical development of dematerialized shares in Germany, Austria, and in the United States of America (the USA). A brief comparison is made between the dematerialized shares in the United Kingdom and those in Germany and Austria. Discussed is the reason why the securities certificates in Germany and Austria were removed from the transferring process by taking them out of circulation (immobilization), and not through abolishing them (dematerialization). Presented is the development of the most active and liquid capital market in the world—that of the United States Department of the Treasury. There is a brief description made of the System of the conventional paper certificates and the system of the dematerialized securities known as direct holding system, as well as of the System for immobilization and possessing through intermediaries, known as indirect holding system.In conclusion, there is a short presentation of the currently valid legal status unrelated to transferring dematerialized shares in the three countries.

scholarly journals A Normalized Mortality Rate Showed the Diverse Severity of COVID-19 in the World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santosh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Total Death

Covid-19 has given a halt to all the activities in the world. Europe was most affected followed by the United States of America. Spain and Belgium were found to be at the highest risk of Covid-19 followed by Italy, France, and the United Kingdom. The Covid-19 cases were on the rise in the United States of America and India but with a lower mortality rate. Japan was least affected in comparison to other countries. A normalized method was used to see the mortality of Covid-19 in comparison to other diseases. The deaths occurred by Cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and respiratory diseases were more in number than the Covid-19 caused deaths in the 45 days period where most of the Covid-19 deaths had taken place. The Covid-19 severity was found to be diverse in the world as well as within Europe. This diversity could be a result of the increased number of diagnostic tests or subsidizing other preexisting diseases to count the Covid-19 positive death under Covid-19 or the accuracy of the diagnostic test performed to detect Covid-19. Normalization based on total death counts could be performed to compare the Covid-19 mortality with other diseases to know the real severity of Covid-19.

Challenges of the parliamentary system in Iraq after 2003

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Emad Wakaa Ajil
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time

Iraq is one of the most Arab countries where the system of government has undergone major political transformations and violent events since the emergence of the modern Iraqi state in 1921 and up to the present. It began with the monarchy and the transformation of the regime into the republican system in 1958. In the republican system, Continued until 2003, and after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, the regime changed from presidential to parliamentary system, and the parliamentary experience is a modern experience for Iraq, as he lived for a long time without parliamentary experience, what existed before 2003, can not be a parliamentary experience , The experience righteousness The study of the parliamentary system in particular and the political process in general has not been easy, because it is a complex and complex process that concerns the political system and its internal and external environment, both of which are influential in the political system and thus on the political process as a whole, After the US occupation of Iraq, the United States intervened to establish a permanent constitution for the country. Despite all the circumstances accompanying the drafting of the constitution, it is the first constitution to be drafted by an elected Constituent Assembly. The Iraqi Constitution adopted the parliamentary system of government and approved the principle of flexible separation of powers in order to achieve cooperation and balance between the authorities.

Modelling of water quality-based emission limits for industrial discharges in rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. J. Ragas ◽  
R. S. E. W. Leuven
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Input Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mixing Zone ◽  
Pollutant Loads ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Modelling Of Water Quality ◽  
Upstream Flow

Water authorities apply a diversity of models and input data to set water quality-based emission limits in discharge permits. To illustrate the consequences of model and data selection, two complete mixing models and four mixing zone models used in Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands and the United States of America (USA) were selected and applied to various discharges of cadmium. The maximum allowable annual cadmium load was calculated for each model and diverging input data for upstream flow, upstream concentration, effluent flow and effluent concentration. Due to model selection, differences in pollutant loads amounted to a factor 3. Harmonisation of the derivation of water quality-based emission limits is necessary to prevent widely divergent pollutant loads under comparable environmental conditions.

Electoral Systems in Context

2017 ◽  
pp. 720-740
Author(s):  
Steven L. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Elections ◽  
Unique Element ◽  
Unique System ◽  
The World ◽  
Elected Office

The United States of America has one of the longest, continually functional electoral systems in the world. On one level, the system is seemingly simple, as it is based predominantly on plurality winners in the context of single-seat districts. However, its extensive usage of primary elections adds a nearly unique element to the process of filling elected office. This mechanism is used more extensively in the United States than in any other case. Additionally, the United States has a complex, and unique, system for electing its national executive. All of these factors help create and reinforce one of the most rigid two-party systems in the world.

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