scholarly journals The Effects of Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract On Mice Kidney, Liver and Skin Following Envenomation with Daboai Russelli And Naja Kaouthia

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman ◽  
Khin Maung Maung
Keyword(s):  
Species Group ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Skin Sample ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Naja Kaouthia ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) has anti-snake-venom properties. This study examined the histological changes of kidney, liver and skin of mice envenomed with either Daboai russelli and Naja kaouthia and treated with TSE. Materials and Methods: ICR mice were used. Group 1 mice (n=8) were given subcutaneous (SC) venom only of either species. Group 2 (n=8) envenomed mice were treated with SC TSE 30mg/20g at the same site 30 minutes after envenomation with either species. Tissue samples were harvested at 24 hours and 1 week. Transversely cut kidney, biggest liver lobe, and skin sample from the venom injection site were fixed in 10% formal-saline and stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin for light-microscopy analysis. Results: Group 1 mice exposed to D.russelli venom, all died within 48hours. Hence, no comparison was made between Groups 1 and 2 at 1 week. However histological comparison was made within Group 2 at 24 hours and 1 week. Kidney histological changes of envenomed mice showed mild nephropathy; liver showed inflammation and mild liver injury. Skin samples showed disruption of the skin architecture. These changes, worsened after 1 week. However, changes in the skin were unaltered after 1 week for N.kaouthia. When TSE 30mg/20g was administered, there was restoration of tissue architecture in mice envenomed with either species. Conclusion: When mice were exposed to LD100 of either snake venoms, histological changes took place within 24 hours. This study showed that TSE 30mg/20g was able to restore tissue architecture within 24 hours.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and In-Vitro Effects of Ethanolic Tamarindus Indica Seed Extract on Snake Venom

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Nur Farhana Azmi ◽  
Khin Maung Maung ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannins ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Snakebite has been categorised as a ‘neglected tropical disease’ by WHO in 2009 and it affects mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia. The standard treatment for snake envenomation is the anti-snake venom medication which can be very expensive, not readily available and specific against a snake species. This study was conducted to screen the phytochemical compounds of Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) and its in-vitro effects on snake venom of three snake species; namely Daboia russelli, Naja kaouthia and Ophiophagus hannah. Materials and method: Ethanolic Soxhlet extract of TSE was used. Phytochemical screening analysing for saponins, alkaloids, flavanoids, anthraquinone derivatives, arthraquinone glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenoids, sterol and volatile oils were carried out. In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study on venom enzymes namely phospholipase A2 (PLA2), proteinase and phosphomonoesterase (PME) were studied by measuring the absorbance using the spectrophotometer. There were two main groups; Group 1: venom only; and Group 2: venom with TSE. The mean triplicate determination of venom enzyme activity post-exposure to TSE from Group 2 was taken and analysed against 100% venom enzyme activity from Group 1. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that the TSE has (+++) phenolics and (+++) hydrolysable tannins. TSE significantly reduced all venom enzymatic activities i.e. PLA2, proteinase and PME from the three snake species at 925 nm, 280 nm and 400 nm, respectively. SDS-PAGE experiment showed the disruption of venom protein bands from all three snake species when venom was exposed to 4.76 µg TSE. Conclusion: Ethanolic TSE contains mainly phenolics and hydrolysable tannins which can reduce the snake venom enzymatic activities. This is possibly due to the formation of tannin-protein complex rendering the venom less potent.

scholarly journals Hard Tissue Architecture of Tooth – No Strain with Stain

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Nicholette Tan ◽  
A. Thentamil ◽  
Mathew Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Apical Portion ◽  
Hard Tissues ◽  
Natural Teeth ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Natural Tooth ◽  
Group 1

<p>One of the methods for visualizing and studying the hard tissues of the tooth is by preparation of ground sections of the desired area of the tooth. This method is relatively simple and enables us to appreciate the site and arrangement of various anatomical units of enamel, dentin and cementum. However, these sections are unstained and the features observed are based on the degree of light permeating through the sections. In this experiment, natural tooth were preserved in haematoxylin and eosin to study histological components of tooth. Twenty recently extracted natural teeth were utilized for this experiment and divided into two groups. In group 1, apical portion of the tooth were sealed and perforations were made on the different aspects of the tooth. In group 2, the apical portions of the root were flattened and the apex kept open. Both groups were preserved in haematoxylin and eosin to permit imbibition of the stain. Following which, ground sections were prepared and viewed under a microscope.</p>

A numerical analysis of major groupings in Medicago employing traditionally used characters

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1553-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Small
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Medicago Arborea ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Numerical Examination ◽  
Group 1

Numerical taxonomic analyses (particularly agglomerative clustering and ordination) were conducted on 55 species of Medicago, using 75 mostly vegetative and fruiting characters. The material studied represents all conservatively accepted species of the genus, as well as 14 "problematical" species of which many are often considered to belong to the genus Trigonella, rather than to Medicago. Although the characters employed are substantially the same as those used by recent monographers who evaluated the genus by traditional subjective procedures, the present numerical examination suggests many relationships not previously appreciated.As a result of the analyses, it was judged appropriate to recognize 12 groupings. These are group 1: M. sativa (alfalfa) and 11 allied species; group 2: M. lupulina and M. secundiflora; group 3: eight problematical species which have troubled taxonomists with respect to whether they should be placed in Medicago or Trigonella; groups 4–8: each made up of a single divergent species, respectively: M. carstiensis, M. radiata, M. orbicularis, M. heyniana, and M. arborea; groups 9–12 four subgroupings of a larger group of 28 annual species. In the main, the composition of the seven polytypic groups is similar to those of taxa accepted by recent monographers, although some realignments of particular species are suggested by the present study. Groups 1 and 2 are much more similar to each other than indicated in recent treatments. Medicago arborea was discovered to be much more dissimilar to all other species examined than thought previously. Medicago hybrida of group 1 was found to be a "master link" between species traditionally placed in Medicago, and many placed in Trigonella (group 3).The 12 groupings in turn fall into three assemblages that could be recognized as subgenera, or even as genera. These are A: groups 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12; B: groups 3–7, inclusive; and C: M. arborea. Further research is suggested before formal categorization is undertaken.

scholarly journals The potential of Tamarindus indica seed extract as anti-snake venom against Ophiophagus hannah, Naja kaouthia and Daboia russelli in mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman Syed Ahamed ◽  
Khin Maung Maung
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tamarindus Indica ◽  
Enzymatic Inhibition ◽  
Superficial Skin ◽  
Naja Kaouthia ◽  
Ophiophagus Hannah

Introduction: Globally, snakebite cases are estimated to be around 5 million annually affecting mainly the poorer countries like Africa and Asia, and in 2009 WHO has categorized it as a ‘neglected tropical disease’. Currently the standard treatment for snake envenomation  is the anti-snake venom therapy, which is expensive, poor supply and species specific. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of using Tamarindus indica seed extract (TSE) to inhibit the in-vitro and in-vivo effects of snake venom of three snakes; namely Ophiophagus hannah, Naja kaouthia and Daboia russelli. Methods: Methanolic extract of TSE was used.  In-vitro enzymatic inhibition study i.e phospholipase A2, proteolytic and phosphomonoesterase were studied.  In-vivo acute subcutaneous (SC) toxicity of TSE in ICR mice was conducted. Study on the SC TSE inhibition of lethality was also conducted. Results: Findings from enzymatic inhibition studies showed that, TSE was able to significantly reduce (p<0.05) all three enzymatic activities. SDS-PAGE experiment showed disruption of protein bands when venom reacted with TSE. No signs of toxicity were observed over 4 weeks when mice were exposed to SC TSE 60mg/20g except for superficial skin ulcers.  Histological examination of the liver, both kidneys and skin showed no changes when compared to the control group.  TSE was able to increase the mice survival rate. Conclusions: The study shows that SC TSE was safe to be injected up to 60mg/20g and has the potential to delay the effects of venoms from O. hannah, N. kaouthia and D. russelli.

scholarly journals The histopathological effect of diclofenac potassium on maternal and fetal tissues

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 2866-2878
Author(s):  
Abdel-Rahman Tawfik ◽  
Nouf Bader Alduweesh ◽  
Zeinab Abdel-Hameid Mohamed ◽  
Abdel Rahman Sayed Sultan ◽  
Heba Ali Abd El-Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Architecture ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Group 1

Diclofenac (DCF) is one of the most generally utilized non-steroidal antiinflammatory therapies during the world for different diseases curing in post pubertal ladies. Be that as it may, constrained data is accessible with respect to its security during pregnancy and teratogenicity. The present study was done to investigate the histopathological impact of diclofenac potassium (DP) on some vital maternal and fetal tissues, placenta and liver during two different periods of gestation. In this study 30 pregnant rats have been used and divided into 3 groups (ten for each one); group 1 (control), group 2 treated with 15.4 mg/kg of diclofenac potassium during organogenesis period, and group 3 subjected during fetal developmental period with the same dosage. At the 20 gestation day the rats were anesthetized and dissected, histopathological studies on placenta, maternal liver, and fetal liver have been done. Our results revealed moderate to severe histopathological alternations in all examined tissues like disorganization of tissue architecture, vacuolation, lymphatic infiltration, apoptosis and more changes. There is a harmful effect of the DP on the placenta tissue and also the liver tissue of the fetus, and on this we recommend that you use the DP with caution during pregnancy at the possible lowest effective dose and for the shortest duration.

ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF SATYRUS

1880 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Species Group ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Cell Group ◽  
The North ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Conclusion.—The North American species of this genus may be divided into three Groups, with several sub-groups. Group 1 comprises Pegala and all the larger species. Group 2 Silvestris and others. characterized by their small size, and the peculiar outline of the discal band on under side of hind wings, there being two long serrations against end of cell. This division will throw Meadii into Group 1, in which the band has a rounded prominence against cell. Group 3 comprises Sthenele only.

scholarly journals Effect of Combination Therapy of Garcinia kola Seed and Vitamin E in Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Albino Rats

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
H. A. Waribo ◽  
E. S. Bartimaeus ◽  
N. Nduka ◽  
H. U. Nwanjo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Garcinia Kola ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Group 1

Acetaminophen, used for antipyretic and analgesic purposes has been known to exhibit   toxic effects on the organs because of its ability to generate free radicals, causing varieties of diseases. This study investigated the impact of the combined formed of Garcinia kola seed and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in Albino Rats. Five groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 as the control received distilled water orally only, group 2 as toxicity control intoxicated with 800 mg acetaminophen intraperitoneally. The other three groups were pretreated with various doses of either Garcinia kola seed extract or vitamin E or a combined form respectively by oral gavage method for 7 days before induction with acetaminophen intraperitoneally on the 8th day and sacrificed under chloroform anaethesia. Acetaminophen induction significantly rise (p<0.05) the hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) and a marked reduction of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) in group 2 animals when compared with the control. There was also a significant rise (p<0.05) in the MDA levels. Meanwhile the combined form of Garcinia kola seed extract and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on the organs showed no synergetic ameliorative potentials as compared with the single pretreatment exposure with Garcinia kola and Vitamin E respectively. The morphology of the tissue cells pretreated with these combined formed exhibited features showing signs of cell damages and slow recovery from the toxicity. Therefore combining Garcinia kola and Vitamin E may lost its ameliorative and protective effect as seen in this induced acetaminophen albino rats implying that Garcinia kola seed and Vitamin E should not be taken in a combined form.

​Evaluation of Terminalia arjuna in Comparison to Taurine against Experimental Nephrotoxicity due to Cisplatin in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sneha ◽  
A. Gopala Reddy ◽  
M. Usha Rani ◽  
B. Ramya ◽  
P. Shiva Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Terminalia Arjuna ◽  
Kidney Function Tests ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Nephroprotective Activity ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Group 1

Background: Cisplatin is one of the most remarkable solutions in ‘the war on cancer’. Although cisplatin has been a mainstay for cancer therapy, its use is mainly limited by nephrotoxicity. The current study was aimed to evaluate the ameliorative potential of Terminalia arjuna (TA) in comparison to taurine against cisplatin toxicity. Methods: A total of 36 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 rats in each. Group 1 was normal control. Cisplatin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt was injected on day 1 to groups 2, 5 and 6. Aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia arjuna was administered orally @ 400 mg/kg b. wt to groups 3, 5 and Groups 4, 6 recieved taurine orally @ 1000 mg/kg b.wt for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from animals to assess Kidney function tests, oxidative stress and cytokines and renal tissues were examined for histological changes, if any. Result: Antioxidant profile, serobiochemical and cytokine parameters were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased and histopathological studies revealed degenerative changes and marked infiltration in the kidney of group 2 when compared to groups 1, 3 and 4. However, These changes were reversed in groups 5 and 6 that were administered with Terminalia arjuna and taurine, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation elucidated that both Terminalia arjuna and taurine have potent nephroprotective activity in cisplatin injected Wistar rats.

A taxonomic monograph of the genus Dodomeira Bellò & Baviera,  a new genus of Peritelini from Sicily (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4334 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
CESARE BELLO ◽  
GIUSEPPE OSELLA ◽  
COSIMO BAVIERA
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The genus Dodomeira Bellò & Baviera gen. n. of the tribe Peritelini Lacordaire (1863) (Curculionidae: Entiminae) which includes 39 species is described. Seven species are transferred from Pseudomeira Stierlin, 1881: Dodomeira confusa (Pierotti, 2012) comb. n., Dodomeira exigua (Stierlin, 1861) comb. n., Dodomeira ficuzzensis (Bellò & Baviera, 2011) comb. n., Dodomeira himerensis (Bellò & Baviera, 2011) comb. n., Dodomeira petrensis (Bellò & Baviera, 2011) comb. n., Dodomeira pfisteri (Stierlin, 1864) comb. n., Dodomeira trinacriae (Bellò & Baviera, 2011) comb. n.. Thirty-two species are new for science and here described: Dodomeira adrianae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira alta Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira angelae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira asinelliensis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira belicensis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira bertoni Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira calatina Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira caoduroi Bellò & Baviera sp. n. n., Dodomeira elima Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira enzoi Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira fossor Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira forbicionii Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira genistae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira giustoi Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira hiemalis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira ibleiensis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira illuminatae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira juliae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira laliaensis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira magrinii Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira montivaga Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira margheritae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira maritimaensis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira nobilis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira paladinii Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira sabellai Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira saccoi Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira sicana Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira sicelidis Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira siderea Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira silvanae Bellò & Baviera sp. n., Dodomeira zingara Bellò & Baviera sp. n.. In addition, according to morphological characters, eight informal groups of species are established (the number of species ascribed to the group is in brackets): Dodomeira adrianae species group (13), Dodomeira caoduroi species group (2), Dodomeira exigua species group (5), Dodomeira ficuzzensis species group (2), Dodomeira maritimaensis species group (1), Dodomeira petrensis species group (2), Dodomeira pfisteri species group (13), Dodomeira saccoi species group (1). We present a key for the identification of the new genus among Palaearctic Peritelini, one for single species groups and an other for each species. A checklist of all the species currently known of Dodomeira gen. n. and Pseudomeira Stierlin (1881), with distribution maps and data on ecology and phenology of all the species of Dodomeira gen. n. are also provided. 

In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-284
Author(s):  
Atıf Yolgosteren ◽  
Gencehan Kumtepe ◽  
Melda Payaslioglu ◽  
Cuneyt Ozakin
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Graft ◽  
Graft Infection ◽  
Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prosthetic Vascular Graft Infection ◽  
Group 1

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.

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