مصطلح السلوك واضطرابه بين علماء الشريعة وعلم النفس (The Term al-Suluk (Behavior) and the Confusion between Shariah Scholars and the Psychologists)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-175
Author(s):  
سيف بن حمود المقيمي ◽  
رضوان جمال الأطرش
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Psychological Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
Actual Meaning ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
General Meaning

تُعد دراسةُ النفس البشرية وتحديد كنهها ودراسة ما ينتج عنها من سلوك من أبرز المسائل العلمية التي شغلت الجنس البشري، فمنذ العصور القديمة ويحاول العلماء والفلاسفة الخوض في الإجابة عن تساؤلات الإنسان عن نفسه، فكانت النتائج تظهر بحسب الزاوية التي ينظر الباحثون منها إلى نفس الإنسان، وقد تنوعت النظرة إلى مصطلح السلوك بوجه عام أو السلوك الإنساني بوجه خاص مما يجعل من ذلك مشكلة علمية ينبغي العناية بها، فقد أصبح من المهم بيان ما يعنيه مصطلح السلوك نفسه، ولإظهار القيمة الفارقة في نواتج دراسة السلوك بين الشريعة الإسلامية وعلم النفس، خصوصاً فيما يتعلق بفهم السلوك الموسوم بالاضطراب، لذا جاء هذا البحث ليقف على ما في كتب التراث الإسلامي من تعبير عن السلوك، وكيف تنظر الشريعة إلى المضطرب منه مقارنة بما عند علماء النفس، حيث تظهر نتائج هذا البحث أن مصطلح السلوك يحمل تعبيراً عاماً عن مطلق العمل الذي يصدر من قبل الانسان، أما فيما يتعلق بالاضطراب فقد ظهر في هذا البحث أن الشريعة الإسلامية لها تفصيلها الخاص المستند إلى الإطار التقييمي الشرعي من خلال الأحكام الشرعية في الدلالة على الاضطراب، مع استيعابها إطلاق مصطلح الاضطراب على السلوك الذي يتسم به ولو كان غير مخالف للتقييم الشرعي إذا ما وصفه علم النفس بذلك. الكلمات المفتاحيّة: السلوك، علم النفس، علم الشريعة، الاضطراب النفسي، اضطراب السلوك. Abstract The study of human-self, the core of human existence and the behaviour which is generated from therein is considered to be one of the most important issues in which human beings have ever engaged. Philosophers and scientists have long been attempting to find out and answer the questions with respect to human selves. These attempts resulted in different findings according to the framework which was employed to study the subject matter.  Attitude towards behavior-terminology in general and human behaviour in particular varies in a very diverse way which has put this issue as a problem where special focus needs to be carried out. It is crucial to identify the actual meaning of "behavior" and the differences in these two perspectives; the shariah and the psychology, especially when it comes to understanding the behavioral disorders. This piece of writing is an attempt to discover how traditional Islamic books dealt with the term "behavioral disorders" and how a disordered person was treated in comparison with the standpoint of psychologists in this regard. This study finds that the term "behavior" in traditional Islamic books has a general meaning that includes every action of humans, whereas the term "disorder" has its specific meaning based on the shariah framework and how it encompasses those behaviors as disorders which are prespribed so by psychologists and they are not in conflict with the shariah. Keywords: Behavior, Psychology, knowledge of Shariah, Psychological Disorder, Behavioral Disorder.

Jalan Kesempurnaan Menurut Jamaah Insan Al-Kamil di Cijati Desa Cikareo Selatan Sumedang

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Syarifudin Syarifudin
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Religious Sect ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Each religious sect has its own characteristics, whether fundamental, radical, or religious. One of them is Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, which is in Cijati, South Cikareo Village, Wado District, Sumedang Regency. This congregation is Sufism with the concept of self-purification as the subject of its teachings. So, the purpose of this study is to reveal how the origin of Insan Al-Kamil Congregation, the concept of its purification, and the procedures of achieving its purification. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a normative theological approach as the blade of analysis. In addition, the data generated is the result of observation, interviews, and document studies. From the collected data, Jamaah Insan Al-Kamil adheres to the core teachings of Islam and is the tenth regeneration of Islam Teachings, which refers to the Prophet Muhammad SAW. According to this congregation, self-perfection becomes an obligation that must be achieved by human beings in order to remember Allah when life is done. The process of self-purification is done when human beings still live in the world by knowing His God. Therefore, the peak of self-purification is called Insan Kamil. 

„Klarere Spiegel des Göttlichen“ – Plutarch und die Tiere

Millennium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Angela Pabst
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Personal Opinion ◽  
Mystery Religions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unique Style ◽  
Style Of Writing ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract This paper deals with one of Plutarch’s favourite subjects - the relation between human beings and animals. In order to gain new insight into this topic, a three-step approach is chosen: First, the paper investigates some of the essential ideas concerning animals (their soul, their emotions and intellectual capacities) to be found in Plutarch’s work and the vocabulary he employs. Secondly, the paper focuses on Plutarch’s unique style of writing and his skillful use of the Socratic method to guide his audience. Thirdly, Plutarch’s personal opinion will be analyzed. In the first part of this paper, Plutarch’s work serves as a lens to unfold the nature of contemporary discourses on the relation between man and animal (with broad agreement on some points and controversies about others) as well as the different notions associated with the terms theria and zoa. A special focus is placed on the ‘Gryllos’ (mor. 985 d-992 e). Plutarch’s treatise ‘Whether the creatures of the land or the creatures of the sea have more phronesis’ (mor. 959 b-985 c) is an important contribution to the field of animal ethics and the subject of the second part of this paper. The ingenious structure of said text illustrates Plutarch’s qualities as a writer and how carefully he employs maieutic methods to support his readers in developing their own point of view. The third part of this paper is devoted to passages from Plutarch’s oeuvre which illustrate his personal position in the debate on the relation between human beings and animals. He is clearly aware that life on earth is inextricably interwoven with acts of killing and destruction, yet he also believes that observing animals has some lessons to offer to mystery religions. Plutarch describes animals as ‘clearer mirrors to the divine’, thereby illustrating that he perceives creatures - whether tiny or large - as a unique chance to gain a better understanding of the miracle of life. In this capacity animals provide a way for human beings to improve their insight into the nature of the divine.

scholarly journals Gut microbiome structure and adrenocortical activity in dogs with aggressive and phobic behavioral disorders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Mondo ◽  
M Barone ◽  
M Soverini ◽  
F D’Amico ◽  
M Cocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Reliable Model ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Phylogenetic Composition

AbstractAccompanying human beings since the Paleolithic period, dogs has been recently regarded as a reliable model for the study of the gut microbiome connections with health and disease. In order to provide some glimpses on the connections between the gut microbiome layout and host behavior, we profiled the phylogenetic composition and structure of the canine gut microbiome of dogs with aggressive (n = 17), phobic (n = 15) and normal behavior (n = 17). According to our findings, aggressive behavioral disorder was found to be characterized by a peculiar gut microbiome structure, with high biodiversity and enrichment in generally subdominant bacterial genera. On the other hand, phobic dogs were enriched in Lactobacillus, a bacterial genus with known probiotic and psychobiotic properties. Although further studies are needed to validate our findings, our work supports the intriguing opportunity that different behavioral phenotypes in dogs may be associated with peculiar gut microbiome layouts, suggesting possible connections between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system and indicating the possible adoption of probiotic interventions aimed at restoring a balanced host-symbiont interplay for mitigating behavioral disorders.

Thing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woosung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Thinking ◽  
Ontological Turn

Thing is a categorically indeterminate and comprehensive concept that cannot easily be pinned down to any single or specific meaning. It has a long history of heterogeneous significations, from material objects, through legal issues, to supersensible noumena. For modern philosophies of subjectivity, things are reducible to that which is available for human thinking and acting. Things are represented as objects for the subject in the form of presence-at-hand, and this representational relationship forms the basic structure of the world in modernity. Under the capitalist system of commodity exchanges, moreover, this anthropocentric relationship with things undergoes what is called reification or fetishism, which turns all things human into relations between objects. The objectification of things makes it possible for humans to dominate the world, but fetishism in turn dominates human beings as mere objects. Heidegger’s attempt to deconstruct this objectification reverberates with the Marxist critique of capitalist commodification, and in literature, with the modernist endeavor to overcome reification. These efforts to secure the thingness of the thing are linked to the early 21st century’s efforts to re-establish non-humanistic relations with things and the world. Recently, under the banner of an “ontological turn,” there has been an explosion of interest in things, motivated in particular by growing concerns about anthropocentrism. Indeed, in the face of unprecedented technological change and hyper-digitalization, a new relation between human and nonhuman is desperately required. New ontologies thus try to build a non-hierarchal, object-oriented, monistic universe of hybrids, quasi-objects, and assemblages, such that human beings become only a part of the parliament of things.

Commentary

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 8-8
Author(s):  
Richard T. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Rating ◽  
Psychiatric Rating Scale ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Abstract The author, who is the editor of the Mental and Behavioral Disorders chapter of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, comments on the previous article, Assessing Mental and Behavioral Disorder Impairment: Overview of Sixth Edition Approaches in this issue of The Guides Newsletter. The new Mental and Behavioral Disorders (M&BD) chapter, like others in the AMA Guides, is a consensus opinion of many authors and thus reflects diverse points of view. Psychiatrists and psychologists continue to struggle with diagnostic taxonomies within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but anxiety, depression, and psychosis are three unequivocal areas of mental illness for which the sixth edition of the AMA Guides provides M&BD impairment rating. Two particular challenges faced the authors of the chapter: how could M&BD disorders be rated (and yet avoid an onslaught of attorney requests for an M&BD rating in conjunction with every physical impairment), and what should be the maximal impairment rating for a mental illness. The sixth edition uses three scales—the Psychiatric Impairment Rating Scale, the Global Assessment of Function, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale—after careful review of a wide variety of indices. The AMA Guides remains a work in progress, but the authors of the M&BD chapter have taken an important step toward providing a reasonable method for estimating impairment.

Assessing Mental and Behavioral Disorder Impairment: Overview of Sixth Edition Approaches

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Norma Leclair ◽  
Steve Leclair ◽  
Robert Barth
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Impairment ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Mental And Behavioral Disorders

Abstract Chapter 14, Mental and Behavioral Disorders, in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, defines a process for assessing permanent impairment, including providing numeric ratings, for persons with specific mental and behavioral disorders. These mental disorders are limited to mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and psychotic disorders, and this chapter focuses on the evaluation of brain functioning and its effects on behavior in the absence of evident traumatic or disease-related objective central nervous system damage. This article poses and answers questions about the sixth edition. For example, this is the first since the second edition (1984) that provides a numeric impairment rating, and this edition establishes a standard, uniform template to translate human trauma or disease into a percentage of whole person impairment. Persons who conduct independent mental and behavioral evaluation using this chapter should be trained in psychiatry or psychology; other users should be experienced in psychiatric or psychological evaluations and should have expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. The critical first step in determining a mental or behavioral impairment rating is to document the existence of a definitive diagnosis based on the current edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The article also enumerates the psychiatric disorders that are considered ratable in the sixth edition, addresses use of the sixth edition during independent medical evaluations, and answers additional questions.

Social innovation for modified consumption by means of the school subject Art and craft

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita NEUBERG
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Social Innovation ◽  
School Subject ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
The Core ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
The Subject

In this paper I will take a look at how one can facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation, based on the subject of art and design in Norwegian general education. This paper will give a presentation of books, featured relevant articles and formal documents put into context to identify different causal mechanisms around our consumption. The discussion will be anchored around the resources and condition that must be provided to achieve and identify opportunities for action under the subject of Art and craft, a subject in Norwegian general education with designing at the core of the subject, ages 6–16. The question that this paper points toward is: "How can we, based on the subject of Art and craft in primary schools, facilitate the change in consumption through social innovation?”

Adaptations of Time Travel Narratives in Japanese Multimedia: Nurturing Eudaimonia across Time and Space

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Ae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Travel Narratives ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Life Styles ◽  
Concern For Others ◽  
The Future ◽  
Live Action

To displace a character in time is to depict a character who becomes acutely conscious of his or her status as other, as she or he strives to comprehend and interact with a culture whose mentality is both familiar and different in obvious and subtle ways. Two main types of time travel pose a philosophical distinction between visiting the past with knowledge of the future and trying to inhabit the future with past cultural knowledge, but in either case the unpredictable impact a time traveller may have on another society is always a prominent theme. At the core of Japanese time travel narratives is a contrast between self-interested and eudaimonic life styles as these are reflected by the time traveller's activities. Eudaimonia is a ‘flourishing life’, a life focused on what is valuable for human beings and the grounding of that value in altruistic concern for others. In a study of multimodal narratives belonging to two sets – adaptations of Tsutsui Yasutaka's young adult novella The Girl Who Leapt Through Time and Yamazaki Mari's manga series Thermae Romae – this article examines how time travel narratives in anime and live action film affirm that eudaimonic living is always a core value to be nurtured.

Rights, Authority, and Workability: An Examination of Universal Jurisdiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Srdan Durica
Keyword(s):  
Universal Jurisdiction ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Contemporary State ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
The Subject

In this paper, I conceptualize ‘universal jurisdiction’ along three axes: rights, authority, and workability to reduce the compendium of scholarly work on the subject into three prominent focus areas. I then review the longstanding debates between critics and supports, and ultimately show the vitality of this debate and persuasiveness of each side’s sets of arguments. By using these three axes as a sort of methodological filter, one can develop a richer understanding of universal jurisdiction, its theoretical pillars, practical barriers, and the core areas of contention that form the contemporary state of knowledge.

Panpsychism versus Panprotopsychism and the Subject-Summing Problem

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Goff
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Combination Problem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Russellian Monism ◽  
Nature Of Matter

This is the first of two chapters discussing the most notorious problem facing Russellian monism: the combination problem. This is actually a family of difficulties, each reflecting the challenge of how to make sense of everyday human and animal experience intelligibly arising from more fundamental conscious or protoconscious features of reality. Key challenges facing panpsychist and panpsychist forms of Russellian monism are considered. With respect to panprotopsychism, there is the worry that it collapses into noumenalism: the view that human beings, by their very nature, are unable to understand the concrete, categorical nature of matter. With respect to panpsychism, there is the subject-summing problem: the difficulty making sense of how micro-level conscious subjects combine to produce macro-level conscious subjects. A solution to the subject-summing problem is proposed, and it is ultimately argued that panpsychist forms of the Russellian monism are to be preferred on grounds of simplicity and elegance.

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