scholarly journals Peanut Yield Gains Over the Past Fifty Years

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1A) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
C.C. Holbrook
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Education Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the American Peanut Research and Education Society (APRES) we examined the changes in average yields of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during that time period. Before APRES, yields had never been greater than 2242 kg/ha (2,000 lb/ac). In 1967 the average yield was 1978 kg/ha (1967 lb/ac). In 2017 the average peanut yield was 4566 kg/ha (4074 lb/ac). Average yield gains for the first 50 years of APRES was 51.8 kg/ha/yr (46.2 lb/ac/yr). APRES played critical roles in facilitating research and extension to achieve these yield advances for the U.S. peanut industry.

scholarly journals The Optimization of Some Peanuts (Arachis Hypogaea L.) Technology Sequences on the Irrigated Ash Deposits

1970 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia CONSTANTINESCU ◽  
Dorina BONEA ◽  
M. STEFAN ◽  
Luminita SANDU ◽  
M. GIORGOTA
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
High Water ◽  
Environment Pollution ◽  
Surface Unit ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Long Time

Of the analysis of the soil and clime conditions that are characteristic for the ash deposits as well as from the observations on the behavior of an enriched array of species, on these terrains there was observed the possibility of obtaining good results with the peanuts crop on the terrains covered by powerplant ash. There was chosen the Arachis hypogaea L. due to its capacity to capitalize the ash covered terrains, as well as by protecting by its vegetal mass a long time period of the vegetation period, decreasing the ash drift and the reduction of the environment pollution that is near the ash deposits. In supporting this species there was considered the thermic favorable regime of the zone, the high sunshine, the light texture, high water permeability of the deposited material, the plant density to the surface unit and the covering degree of the terrain by vegetal mass, that are favorable features in controlling the ash drift and environment pollution.

scholarly journals The Future of Peanut Agronomic Research - The Sky is Not the Limit

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1A) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Tubbs
Keyword(s):  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Education Society ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Future ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Research And Education

ABSTRACT Many guidelines for agronomic management of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) are well-established when considered individually. However, crop productivity is typically driven by more than one variable and the interactions of multiple practices are not as easily derived. With an ever-changing availability of new cultivars with greater disease resistance, improved yield and/or grade potential, and varying growth characteristics, there is a steady need for agronomic research in both the immediate and distant futures. In some cases, traditional agronomic experimentation on variables such as rotations, tillage and land management, timing of planting, row pattern and spacing, seeding rate, irrigation, plant growth regulators, inoculant/biological products and fertilization need to be revisited every several years when a new cultivar becomes commercially relevant. This is especially true with differing climates and soil types in various growing regions. The effects of climate and weather along with pest pressure, pest management programs, and maturity characteristics of cultivars are also drawing the attention of peanut agronomists to improve predictability of optimum maturity. Yet, peanut agronomists are also attempting to adapt new ideas to assist with management decisions and increase revenue potential for growers to stay competitive in a very volatile commodity market domestically and with fluctuating export opportunities. The adoption of technologies such as GPS guidance, seed monitors, aerial imagery, and variable rate planting or spraying equipment are becoming more common to assist growers with better precision in planting and digging practices, ensuring proper seed placement, and assessing problematic areas in the field for site-specific in-season management decisions. So many excellent achievements have been made through the collaborations of scientists of the American Peanut Research and Education Society over the last 50 years, and there is no doubt that similar collaborations remain strong throughout the current membership to lead us into the future.

Geographical Distribution of Genetic Diversity in Arachis hypogaea

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
T. G. Isleib
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The U.S. maintains a large (> 8000 accessions) and genetically diverse collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm. It is costly to screen all accessions within this collection for traits that could be useful in cultivar development. The objective of this research was to identify countries of origin that are rich sources of resistance to important peanut diseases. This would allow peanut breeders to focus their efforts on smaller subsets of the germplasm collection. Accessions in the peanut core collection were evaluated for resistance to late (Cercosporidium personatum Berk. & M. A. Curtis) and early (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) leaf spot, tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus (TSWV), the peanut root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood race 1], and Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR)[Cylindrocladium crotalarie (Loos) Bell & Sobers]. These data then were examined to determine if genes for resistance clustered geographically. Several geographical areas that appear to be rich sources for disease-resistant genes were identified. China had a relatively large number of accessions with resistance to the peanut root-knot nematode. Peru appeared to be a rich source of material with resistance to CBR. Resistance to late leaf spot was more frequent than expected in accessions from Bolivia and Ecuador. Bolivia was also a valuable source of resistance to early leaf spot. Early leaf spot resistance also was more prevalent than expected in accessions from India, Nigeria, and Sudan. India, Israel, and Sudan were valuable origins for material with resistance to TSWV. Accessions with multiple disease resistance were most common in India, Mozambique, and Senegal. This information should enable plant breeders to utilize more efficiently the genes for disease resistance that are available in the U.S. germplasm collection.

scholarly journals Development of U.S. Regulations for the Transportation of Radioactive Materials: A Look Back Over the Past 40 Years

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S. Hafner
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Radioactive Materials ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
The U.S

This paper describes an overview of the development of U.S. regulations for the transportation of radioactive materials over the past 40 years. In general, the primary focal points are multifaceted. In particular, however, this rather complex approach has been reduced to two major topical areas: 1) The detailed interactions that have long been in place between the U.S. Regulatory agencies involved, i.e., the older U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission and its more modern counterpart, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the older U.S. Atomic Energy Agency and its more modern counterpart, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; and 2) the detailed interactions that have long been in place between the U.S. Regulatory agencies and those of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Although the primary time period covered in this work will be between 1965 and 2004, some of the discussion, by necessity, dates back to 1958.

Environmental and Varietal Effects on Niacin Content of Raw and Roasted Peanuts

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Whitley ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
K. W. Hendrix ◽  
T. H. Sanders ◽  
L. O. Dean
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Vitamin B3 ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are known to be a source of several important B-vitamins, including niacin (Vitamin B3). A total of 39 Florunner and NC7 samples from the 2007 and 2008 Uniform Peanut Performance Test (UPPT) were analyzed to compare their niacin content from 10 different growing locations in the U.S. From the Core of the Core of the peanut germplasm collection, 13 selected samples grown in North Carolina in 2008 were analyzed. Over 2 years and 10 locations, raw Florunner niacin levels ranged from 8.8 to 21.9 mg/100g DW. Mean niacin concentration in 2007 was 15.7 mg/100g DW and 17.8 mg/100g DW in 2008. Raw samples of NC7 averaged 19.0 mg/100g DW in 2007 and 20.3 mg/100g DW in 2008. The varietal difference was statistically significant as were differences among growing locations. The lowest niacin levels were found in the Virginia-Carolina region and the highest in Texas and Oklahoma. Although the 2008 niacin means were higher than 2007, the increase was not statistically significant. Roasting raw 2008 samples caused niacin levels to drop 12% (p = 0.0212) in Florunner and 6% in NC7 (p = 0.0128). Mean niacin concentrations in the Core of the Core samples were found to range from 13.9 to 20.7 mg/100g DW. Levels of niacin in the Core samples tested were found to be higher than Florunner (12.2 mg/100 DW) and NC7 samples (13.8 mg/100g DW) grown at the same location and in the same year. Significant differences in niacin content among NC7 and Florunner UPPT entries across 10 locations indicated a potential for genetic variation that is potentially exploitable by breeders. This is supported by the significant differences found among the Core of the Core entries and NC7 and Florunner samples from the same location and year.

scholarly journals Respon Produksi Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) Akibat Penggunaan Pupuk NPK dan Pupuk Mikroba

Biota ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Yohanes Nong Bunga
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Cultivar ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Npk Fertilizer

The production of peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) has declined over the past five years. This has been influenced by the use of land regardless of soil fertility. This research aims to know the effect of using NPK and microbial fertilizer to peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) production. The treatments consists of B1= microbial fertilizer, B2= NPK Fertilizer and B3= without fertilizer. These treatments were applied to Sima variety, Singa variety and Flores local cultivar. The result shows that the production of flowers and pods mostly produced by Sima variety through the use of microbial fertilizer. Besides, Flores local cultivar shows response which is not markedly different from the treatment using microbial fertilizer.

scholarly journals Building on our Past to Engineer the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1A) ◽  
pp. 82-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Butts ◽  
H. E. Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Education Society ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research And Innovation ◽  
Agricultural Mechanization ◽  
Seed Handling ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT The art of engineering has had a major impact on agricultural production. Agricultural mechanization has been cited as one of the twenty most significant fetes of engineering in the 20th century. As we look through the titles of articles published in Peanut Science since its inception in 1974, we can see the breadth of engineering research and innovation that has impacted the peanut industry ranging from land preparation and seed handling to produce the crop to innovations in irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing, shelling, and transportation. While engineers have made significant impacts on the peanut industry during the 50-yr existence of the American Peanut Research and Education Society, they have not made those innovations in a vacuum, but have attacked problems with multidisciplinary teams that involved the expertise of agronomists, pathologists, entomologists, food scientists, and economists just to name a few. This article highlights some of the engineering innovations made in the peanut industry during the past 50 yr and looks ahead at what engineering obstacles must be overcome in the next 50 yr.

Influence of Application Variables on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Jordan ◽  
Russell C. Nuti ◽  
Joshua B. Beam ◽  
Sarah H. Lancaster ◽  
James E. Lanier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
The Past ◽  
Uniform Rate ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Abstract Prohexadione calcium retards peanut vegetative vine growth, improves row visibility, and potentially reduces pod shed, thus increasing pod yield compared with non-treated peanut. Although prohexadione calcium has been registered for use in peanut for the past decade, practitioners continue to express a range of questions about use including banded application, compatibility with other agrichemcials, and interactions of application rate and timing. In experiments over multiple years, applying prohexadione calcium to lateral branches only of peanut increased row visibility compared with banded applications over main stems or broadcast applications over the entire peanut canopy. Similarly, when using different spray nozzle configurations, greater row visibility was noted when the highest rate of prohexadione calcium was applied over lateral branches compared with broadcast applications of a uniform rate across all spray nozzles or when the highest rate was delivered to main stems. Delaying the first of two sequential applications of prohexadione calcium 1 wk after 50% row closure resulted in reduced row visibility regardless of application rate when compared with sequential applications initiated at 50% row closure. Applying prohexadione calcium within 2 to 3 wks prior to digging and vine inversion resulted in minor increases in improved row visibility and did not affect pod yield. Efficacy of prohexadione calcium was not affected by tank mixing with pyraclostrobin or 2,4-DB.

Development and Phenotyping of Recombinant Inbred Line (RIL) Populations for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Holbrook ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
P. Ozias-Akins ◽  
Y. Chu ◽  
S. J. Knapp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Line ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Nested Association Mapping ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Seed Increase ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT The identification of molecular markers for economically significant traits should greatly improve the speed and efficiency of all peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs. Development and phenotypic evaluation of recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations of peanut, along with molecular genotyping, will be essential for association of markers with traits. The primary objectives of this research were to develop 16 structured RIL populations that can be used by the peanut research community, and to begin high-resolution phenotyping of these populations. Crosses were made using a 2 by 8 (common by unique) factorial nested association mapping design. Parents were selected to attempt to maximize genetic diversity while meeting practical breeding objectives. First, two modern runner cultivars (Tifrunner and Florida-07) were selected as common parents because runner cultivars account for about 80% of the production in the U.S. Second, the eight unique parents were selected to supply diversity across market classes and botanical varieties and are donors of favorable alleles for enhancing drought tolerance and resistance to most important disease of peanut in the U.S. The eight unique parents are N08082olJCT (a Bailey derived high oleic breeding line), C76-16, NC 3033, SPT 06-06, SSD 6 (PI 576638), OLin, New Mexico Valencia A, and Florunner. The 16 populations were advanced using summer and winter nurseries. Input from multiple disciplines has resulted in a prioritized list of populations and traits that should be examined, and seed increase has begun to provide the community with material for extensive phenotyping. In-depth phenotyping and genotyping of these populations should result in markers that can be deployed by breeding programs for the development of improved cultivars.

scholarly journals Peanut Cultivar Responses to Bradyrhizobium Inoculation in Northeast Thailand

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. N. Kucey ◽  
B. Toomsan
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Northeast Thailand ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Cultivar Responses ◽  
Seed Yields ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Inoculation

Abstract Effective combinations of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and Bradyrhizobium strains were determined under field conditions in NE Thailand in experiments conducted in 1985 and 1986. The experiments measured yields and N2 fixation (N-15 dilution) responses of peanut cultivars Tainan 9, Moket and KAC431 to inoculation with inoculants composed of Bradyrhizobium strains TH205, 32HI or NC92 or mixed cultures of bacteria. Midseason parameters of nodule number and weight and acetylene reduction levels were also determined. Peanut yields varied between years and locations. Cultivar Tainan 9 was shown to be the cultivar with the best average yield for the locations tested. Inoculation with bradyrhizobia resulted in increased seed yields and amounts of N in the plants in most cases. Inoculated peanuts received an average of 71 kg N/ha from fixation; uninoculated peanuts received an average of 62 kg N/ha. Of this N, 55 to 77% remained in the stover. Midseason measurements of plant performance were of minimal value for predicting the relative performance of the three cultivars.

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