Evaluation of spatial variability of physico-chemical indicators of chernozem podzolic with the using of precise agriculture technologies

On the experimental fields of “Lotivka Elite” LLC of Shepetivka district of Khmelnytsky region the estimation of spatial heterogeneity of indicators of physical and chemical properties of chernozem podzolic was carried out. Statistical analysis of the data was performed on the following indicators: number of observations (n); average value (Xav); standard deviation (S); coefficient of variation (Cv); absolute error of the mean (SXav). The analysis of the probability of the nature of the humus content was performed according to the humus content index - the ratio of the actual humus content at the control point to the arithmetic mean. It is revealed that the probability of manifestation of average (typical) values of humus content at the studied object does not exceed 50%, deviations of probabilities from the average level of humus content in the direction of decrease do not exceed 40% of territorial distribution. Spatial variability of humus and mobile calcium content is average, CV is 19–23% (10 more CV less than 25). Statistical parameter of calcium content in the soil layer 0-30 cm on average - 252.4 ± 10.0, maximum - 350.0 ± 9.11 mg on 100 g of soil. In general, the field is dominated by soils with a content of mobile calcium 240.0-290.0 mg on 100 g of soil. Active acidity was characterized by low variability, the average was 6.5 ± 0.3, the maximum - 7.3 ± 0.2 pH units. The yield of winter wheat had a low degree of variability with an average of 87.4 ± 4.3 c on ha.

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Spatial Variability of Soil Properties under Different Land Use in the Dang District of Nepal

10.20944/preprints201811.0555.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dinesh Panday ◽

Roshan Babu Ojha ◽

Devraj Chalise ◽

Saurav Das ◽

Bikesh Twanabasu

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Slight Variation ◽

Average Value ◽

Fertility Status ◽

Land Use Types

A study was carried out in the eastern part of Dang district in Nepal to assess the variability of selected soil properties due to different land use and map their spatial distribution. Considering three land use types (agriculture, agroforestry, and grassland), a total of 120 samples were collected from surface soil (0 to 15 cm depth) in May 2015 and analyzed for soil fertility parameters: pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), boron (B), and zinc (Zn). Results revealed that the average value of soil pH significantly (P<0.05) varied from 7.05 in agroforestry to 7.53 in agriculture land use. Soil OM and N contents were medium in range in all land use with slight variation, the highest average OM and N found in grassland (2.87% and 0.14% respectively), followed by agriculture (2.64% and 0.13% respectively), and agroforestry (2.45% and 0.12% respectively). Further, the results showed significant variation for P among agroforestry (18.99 kg ha-1) and grassland (8.49 kg ha-1) while the K content was the highest for grassland (144 mg kg-1) and lowest for agriculture (120 mg kg-1). Micronutrients- B was low (0.28 to 0.35 mg kg-1) and Zn was very low (0.14 mg kg-1) in all land use. There is a need to add appropriate fertilizer N, P, B, and Zn to the soil in order to increase the fertility status under different land use. Spatial variability maps for soil chemical properties can be used by farmers and local planners to make effective soil management strategies.

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Selection of drought-resistant crops for South Steppe of Ukraine

The Scientific Journal Grain Crops ◽

10.31867/2523-4544/0153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 13-22

Author(s):

V. V. Gamayunova ◽

L. H. Khonenko ◽

M. I. Fedorchuk ◽

O. A. Kovalenko

Keyword(s):

Humus Content ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Growing Season ◽

Grain Sorghum ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Chemical Application ◽

Sowing Dates ◽

Drought Resistant

The cultivation expediency of more drought-resistant crops, in particular sorghum, millet, false flax, safflower and others, instead of sunflower in the area of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine is substantiated. This is, first of all, required by climate change both in Ukraine and in the world. Since 2004, researches of field crops were carried out in the conditions of the Educational and Scientific Practical Center of the Mykolaiv National Agrarian University. Soil phase is the southern chernozem with humus content in the 0–30 cm soil layer which consist of 2.96–3.21 %, with medium and high level of availability of mobile phosphorus and potassium and low – mobile nitrogen. Experiments with soriz (Oksamyt hybrid) were conducted during 2004–2006, millet (Tavriiske, Kostantynivske, Skhidnevarieties) in 2008–2010, grain sorghum (Stepovyi 5 hybrid) in 2014–2016, safflower dye (Lahidnyi variety) in 2017–2019. The years of research differed significantly in temperature and even more in the amount of precipitation before sowing and during the growing season of crops. However, the weather conditions were typical of the Southern Steppe zone of Ukraine. It is established that all studied drought-resistant crops respond positively to nutrition optimization – the level of yield and quality of grain or seeds increases. It was found that the soriz productivity depending on the application of fertilizers and sowing dates increased by 37.6–39.2 %, millet –by 33.3–41.6 %, grain sorghum depending on the background of nutrition and growing conditions – by 8.2–33.2 %, dye safflower – by 11.1–64.6 %. It was determined that the optimization of nutrition of cultivated crops allows to increase their resistance to adverse conditions and productivity in the case of application of low doses of the mineral fertilizers before sowing, pre-sowing treatment of seeds, and growth-regulating chemical application of plants on the main stages of the growing season. Key words: drought-resistant plants, climatic conditions, nutrition optimization, yield, crop quality, varieties, sowing dates.

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Effect of Savanna windrow wood burning on the spatial variability of soil properties

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632021v5166853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

Author(s):

Diogo Neia Eberhardt ◽

Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽

Pedro Rodolfo Siqueira Vendrame ◽

Marc Corbeels ◽

Osvaldo Guedes Filho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Spatial Arrangement ◽

Nugget Effect ◽

Tropical Savannas ◽

Geostatistical Methods ◽

Exchangeable Ca ◽

Spherical Models

ABSTRACT Tropical Savannas cover an area of approximately 1.9 billion hectares around the word and are subject to regular fires every 1 to 4 years. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of burning windrow wood from Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) deforestation on the spatial variability of soil chemical properties, in the field. The data were analysed by using geostatistical methods. The semivariograms for pH(H2O), pH(CaCl2), Ca, Mg and K were calculated according to spherical models, whereas the phosphorus showed a nugget effect. The cross semi-variograms showed correlations between pH(H2O) and pH(CaCl2) with other variables with spatial dependence (exchangeable Ca and Mg and available K). The spatial variability maps for the pH(H2O), pH(CaCl2), Ca, Mg and K concentrations also showed similar patterns of spatial variability, indicating that burning the vegetation after deforestation caused a well-defined spatial arrangement. Even after 20 years of use with agriculture, the spatial distribution of pH(H2O), pH(CaCl2), Ca, Mg and available K was affected by the wood windrow burning that took place during the initial deforestation.

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Dark gray podzolized soils of the Chyzhykiv ridge: problems of degradation and protection

Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography ◽

10.30970/vgg.2019.53.10658 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 85-96

Author(s):

Volodymyr Haskevych ◽

Nadiya Lemeha ◽

Anastasiya Vishchur

Keyword(s):

Soil Aggregates ◽

Humus Content ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Research Area ◽

Soil Protection ◽

Anthropogenic Pressure ◽

Degradation Processes ◽

Erosion Processes ◽

General Physical ◽

Very High

The results of the research of degradation of dark gray podzolized soils (Luvis Greyzemic Phaeozems) of the Chyzhykiv ridge are presented. The causes and consequences of this dangerous natural and anthropogenic phenomenon are analyzed. It has been established that the intensive agricultural use of soils caused the activation of water erosion processes, the development of physical degradation processes, which lead to soil compaction, deterioration of their general physical properties, and loss of humus. Degradation processes lead to a decrease in soil fertility and unprofitability of agriculture, worsen the ecological state of the environment. In the study of degradation processes and their consequences in dark gray podzolized soils, the following methods were used: comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, catena method, analytical, statistical. Soil field explorations were carried out after the growing season. The most dangerous among the degradation processes are erosion degradation, which leads to a decrease in the capacity of the soil profile and deterioration of the soil agrophysical properties. The results of the studies demonstrated that the capacity of the profile of poorly eroded soils decreased on average by 14.5 cm compared to the standard, in medium-eroded – by 28.3 cm, in highly-eroded – by 50.8 cm. Soils underwent erosion from low to very high (crisis) degree. Degradation processes of anthropogenic genesis caused a deterioration of the structural and aggregate state of the soils, which is manifested in a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable soil aggregates and the dominance of the sloping fraction. According to the research results, the content of agronomically valuable aggregates with a size of 10–0.25 mm in the arable soil layer is 18.65–33.86 %, which indicates a high and very high (crisis) level of degradation. Soils also undergo degradation due to re-compaction, which is manifested in an increase in the density of the structure and a decrease in the overall porosity of the soil. Long anthropogenic pressure on soils and erosion degradation processes have led to a decrease in humus content. In particular, in poorly eroded soils the humus content is 2.03 %, in medium-eroded soils – 1.45 %, in highly eroded – 1.06 %, which is 16.9–64.6 % less than the standard. Measures are proposed to minimize the degradation of the dark gray podzolized soils of the Chyzhykiv ridge, which consist in the application of anti-erosion measures and soil-protective methods of soil processing, conservation of heavily degraded lands. The introduction of basic and crisis monitoring of the state of soils in the research area is recommended. Key words: the Chyzhykiv ridge, dark gray podzolized soils, erosion, degradation, soil protection.

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Spatial variability of soil chemical properties after coffee tree removal

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832009000500041 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (5) ◽

pp. 1507-1514 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sidney Rosa Vieira ◽

Osvaldo Guedes Filho ◽

Márcio Koiti Chiba ◽

Heitor Cantarella

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Spherical Model ◽

Soil Chemical Properties ◽

Kriging Interpolation ◽

Geostatistical Methods ◽

Plant Removal

Assessing the spatial variability of soil chemical properties has become an important aspect of soil management strategies with a view to higher crop yields with minimal environmental degradation. This study was carried out at the Centro Experimental of the Instituto Agronomico, in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. The aim was to characterize the spatial variability of chemical properties of a Rhodic Hapludox on a recently bulldozer-cleaned area after over 30 years of coffee cultivation. Soil samples were collected in a 20 x 20 m grid with 36 sampling points across a 1 ha area in the layers 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m to measure the following chemical properties: pH, organic matter, K+, P, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, NH4-N, and NO3-N. Descriptive statistics were applied to assess the central tendency and dispersion moments. Geostatistical methods were applied to evaluate and to model the spatial variability of variables by calculating semivariograms and kriging interpolation. Spatial dependence patterns defined by spherical model adjusted semivariograms were made for all cited soil properties. Moderate to strong degrees of spatial dependence were found between 31 and 60 m. It was still possible to map soil spatial variability properties in the layers 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm after plant removal with bulldozers.

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INFLUENCE OF TECHNOGENIC EMISSIONS OF THE AGMZ ON THE ECOLOGICAL TOXICOLOGICAL STATE OF THE AGROECOSYSTEMS OF THE DEBET RIVER BASIN, RA

EurasianUnionScientists ◽

10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.6.75.872 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (6(75)) ◽

pp. 26-30

Author(s):

S. A. Hunanyan ◽

T. A. Jhangiryan ◽

A. L. Mkrtchyan

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Vegetation Cover ◽

Phosphorus Content ◽

Humus Content ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Contamination Rate ◽

Agricultural Crops ◽

Yield Capacity ◽

The Impact ◽

Properties Of Soil

Upon the investigations the contamination rate of soil and vegetation cover of the basin at river Debed and the impact of technogenesis on the agro-chemical properties of soil and yield capacity of agricultural crops has been identified. It has been found out that the content of heavy metal forms exceeds that of the control one by the following figures: Cu-in 47,5 and 31,8; Pb-32,9 and 36,1; Mo-35,9 and 23,8; Zn-9,5 and 19,1; Co-5,1 and 5,9; Cd25,5 and 23,1 times. The humus content has decreased in 1,2-2,7 times, that of the total and mobile nitrogen has decreased in 1,1-2,17 and 1,4-2,6 times, phosphorus content in 1,0-1,87 and 1,08-2,74 times, potassium content in 1,0-1,38 and 1,13-2,06 times. The environmental reaction has turned from the neutral and poorly alkaline into poorly acidic and acidic one. The amount of HM in the soil and plants has exceeded the MAC (maximum allowable concentration) and the yield capacity of agricultural crops has fallen down by 7,5-29 %.

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Spatial variability of Soil Nutrients Using Geospatial Techniques: A case study in soils of Sanwer Tehsil of Indore district of Madhya Pradesh

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-8-1353-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol XL-8 ◽

pp. 1353-1363 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

G. S. Tagore ◽

G. D. Bairagi ◽

R. Sharma ◽

P. K. Verma

Keyword(s):

Spatial Variability ◽

Soil Nutrients ◽

Spatial Dependence ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Sampling Strategy ◽

Spatial Prediction ◽

Accurate Estimation ◽

Suitable Alternative ◽

Available N ◽

Physico Chemical

A study was conducted to explore the spatial variability of major soil nutrients in a soybean grown region of Malwa plateau. From the study area, one hundred sixty two surface soil samples were collected by a random sampling strategy using GPS. Then soil physico-chemical properties i.e., pH, EC, organic carbon, soil available nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) were measured in laboratory. After data normalization, classical and geo-statistical analyses were used to describe soil properties and spatial correlation of soil characteristics. Spatial variability of soil physico-chemical properties was quantified through semi-variogram analysis and the respective surface maps were prepared through ordinary Kriging. Exponential model fits well with experimental semi-variogram of pH, EC, OC, available N, P, K, S and Zn. pH, EC, OC, N, P, and K has displayed moderate spatial dependence whereas S and Zn showed weak spatial dependence. Cross validation of kriged map shows that spatial prediction of soil nutrients using semi-variogram parameters is better than assuming mean of observed value for any un-sampled location. Therefore it is a suitable alternative method for accurate estimation of chemical properties of soil in un-sampled positions as compared to direct measurement which has time and costs concerned.

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Quality Evaluation of Kiwi Juice Coagulated Mozzarella Cheese

Journal of Food Science and Technology Nepal ◽

10.3126/jfstn.v10i0.17920 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 7-10

Author(s):

Anubodh Karki ◽

Pravin Ojha

Keyword(s):

Functional Properties ◽

Quality Evaluation ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Calcium Content ◽

Total Solid ◽

Sensory Properties ◽

Mozzarella Cheese ◽

Solid Fat ◽

Protein Retention ◽

Physico Chemical

Standardized milk having casein: fat ratio 0.92 was used and the processes were optimized for the manufacture of cheeses. The samples were analyzed for physico-chemical properties (moisture, total solid, fat, protein, ash, calcium, fat retention, protein retention, yield) and functional properties such as meltability, stretchability, baking quality and shreddability were also analyzed. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in calcium content of the cheese, color and overall sensory properties. Stretchability and shreddability in relation to functional properties were also found to be significantly different. The yield for mozzarella cheese made using rennet was higher than that of cheese made using kiwi juice as milk coagulant and also it was superior in terms of overall functional properties. It was deemed that a good quality mozzarella cheese with variant characteristics can be prepared by using kiwi juice as milk coagulant.

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A New High Resolution Measurement Technology of D Flip-Flop Output Signals for Measuring Frequency Difference

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.391.568 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 391 ◽

pp. 568-571

Author(s):

Jin Feng Dong ◽

Wei Yu Zhang ◽

Hua Liu Liu ◽

Yong Wei

Keyword(s):

Absolute Error ◽

Measurement Technology ◽

Clock Period ◽

Flip Flop ◽

Average Value ◽

Resolution Measurement ◽

Measuring Frequency ◽

The Difference ◽

Quartz Crystal Resonators ◽

The Relationship

The output periods of D flip-flop mixer are variable though the periods of two input frequencies are invariable. To measure the output frequency, the conventional method is to calculate the average value of the output periods and the maximum possible absolute error is a clock period. The variation of the output periods has its own pattern of arrangement and it can provide valuable information. Measuring accuracy can be significantly improved by taking into account all the details of output periods changes. A mathematical model that describes the relationship between the input square waves and the output square waves was developed and the difference of two input frequencies can be estimated by the solution of the model. The new method is quite suitable for measuring small frequency increments of quartz crystal resonators.

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