On the status of the genera complex Acalypta, Dictyonota, Kalama and Derephysia (Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae) having common morphological and karyological features

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.B. Golub ◽  
N.V. Golub

A complex of morphological features of the genera Dictyonota Curtis, 1827, Kalama Puton, 1876 and Derephysia Spinola, 1837 (Heteroptera: Tingidae: Tinginae), inconsistent with the characters of the tribe Ypsotingini Drake et Ruhoff, 1965, is discussed. The common morphological features of these genera together with those of Acalypta Westwood, 1840, which do not correspond to the characters of Tingis Fabricius, 1803, as the type genus of the tribe Tingini Laporte, 1832, are presented. The data on the sex chromosome system X0/XX of these four genera, radically different from that of all the other 17 so far karyotyped Tinginae genera (XY/XX), are summarised. The closely related genera Acalypta, Dictyonota, Kalama and Derephysia are united in a tribe under the resurrected valid name Acalyptini [Acalyptaini; ICZN Case 3813, in press] Blatchley, 1926 according to the principle of priority (ICZN, Article 23). A diagnosis of the resurrected tribe Acalyptini based on morphological and karyological characters and an improved key to the genera Acalypta, Dictyonota, Kalama and Derephysia are given.

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinaíza A. Rocha-Reis ◽  
Karina de Oliveira Brandão ◽  
Lurdes F. de Almeida-Toledo ◽  
Rubens Pazza ◽  
Karine F. Kavalco

The genus Hypostomus has a broad geographic distribution in Brazilian rivers and comprises armored catfishes with a very complicated taxonomy due to the absence of morphological autapomorphies. The existence of nearly 10 allopatric populations with different karyotypes suggests that Hypostomusancistroides represents a species complex in the Upper Paraná River basin. In this paper, an unusual karyotype of an isolated H. aff. ancistroides population was investigated. All specimens of this sample have 2n = 66 chromosomes except for 1 male with 2n = 67, most likely due to a supernumerary chromosome. In this population, the sexes are dimorphic, the males are heterogametic, and an XX/XY sex chromosome system is present. Phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear DNAs indicated that this population forms a monophyletic group separate from the other populations of H.ancistroides and may represent an incipient species.


Author(s):  
Daniela Thurnherr

This chapter discusses the reception of the ECHR in Austria and Switzerland. Topics covered include the accession and ratification of the ECHR in both countries, the status of the ECHR in national law, an overview of the activity of the European Court of Human Rights, and the ECtHR's case law and its effects on the national legal order. Although both countries joined the ECHR at a relatively early stage, this starting position led to different outcomes. The main reason is because the common denominators of neutrality and federalism in these two countries are actually rather small: as Austria follows a very different concept of neutrality, it did not face any (political) difficulties before and during the ratification process. Switzerland, on the other hand, was very reluctant to join the Council of Europe and careful to avoid any concessions with regard to neutrality.


2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Yahr

AbstractConservation organisations are tasked with protection of biodiversity but are challenged by limited resources; consequently, the highest conservation priority species have designations that should correspond with the level of protection needed. In Britain, the saxicolous Calicium corynellum receives the highest conservation priority as a consequence of its rarity, combined with dramatic population declines over the last several decades, having disappeared from 2 of its 4 British sites and declined in one other. However, there is some uncertainty associated with the taxonomic status of the entity referred to as C. corynellum in Britain, partly because its common congener, C. viride has been recorded on trees overhanging several of the populations of C. corynellum, but also because the morphology of British material is very similar to the common C. viride, but found on rock. Standard fungal barcode nr ITS sequences of C. corynellum from both extant British populations of C. corynellum were successfully amplified, along with C. viride from trees overhanging one of the sites and from other British sites. In addition, morphological features were compared among specimens of both taxa. There is no evidence to support the distinction of British C. corynellum from its more common congener, and its conservation status is Britain should be re-evaluated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Юлия Брюханова

Many researchers of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya’s works draw attention to the irony which is the significant element of her prose, drama and poetry. It is important that the ironic principle manifests itself not only as an artistic technique but also as a philosophical aspect. Irony demonstrates the ambivalence of reality. On the one hand, it ridicules and profanes everything. On the other hand, irony gives the certitude of the ontological status of reality. We can see a good example of this function of irony in the novel Nas ukrali. Istoriya prestupleniy (2017). This novel shows the common features of Petrushevskaya’s works – the unity of ironic potential and language. In this case, language is not only the style but first of all the ontological element. This is why the language becomes almost a character in Petrushevskaya’s novel. Irony opens the vital potential of the linguistic personality. As a result, one of the heroes imitates foreign speech but doesn’t speak a foreign language. Irony also helps to reveal the ambivalent nature of life. It shows that our “umora” in Sanskrit and in ancient Indian is “humour” and “death”. So, the game and profanity not only reduce the status of the hero, the image, or the reader’s expectations but, first of all, fill the gap between words, ideas, feelings, and people.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Prentout ◽  
N Stajner ◽  
A Cerenak ◽  
T Tricou ◽  
C Brochier-Armanet ◽  
...  

SummaryWe recently described, in Cannabis sativa, the oldest sex chromosome system documented so far in plants. Based on our estimate of its age, we predicted that it should be shared by its sister genus Humulus, which is known to also possess XY sex chromosomes.Here, we used transcriptome sequencing of a F1 family of Humulus lupulus to identify and study the sex chromosomes in this species using the probabilistic method SEX-DETector.We identified 265 sex-linked genes in H. lupulus, located on the chromosome that is also the C. sativa sex chromosome pair. Using phylogenies of sex-linked genes, we show that a region of these chromosomes had already stopped recombining in the common ancestor of the two species. Furthermore, as in C. sativa, Y gene expression was reduced in correlation to the position on the X chromosome, and strongly Y degenerated genes showed dosage compensation.Here we report, for the first time in the Angiosperms, a sex chromosome system that is shared by two different genera. Recombination suppression started at least 21-25 My ago, and then (either gradually or step-wise) spread to a large part of the sex chromosomes, leading to a strongly degenerated Y.


1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Harvey ◽  
Paul A. Bell ◽  
Andrej A. Birjulin

351 research participants in groups of three harvested resources from a slowly regenerating, shared pool in a computer-assisted game. Feedback after each round of play consisted of information about the status of the resource pool, information about the other participants' harvesting choices, or no feedback at all. Exploitation was either not punished or punished by individual or group. Analysis showed that either form of punishment improved harvests from the common resource but that feedback had no such influence.


Politik ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Guild

Refugee protection has long been an issue of great moral and legal importance among the countries in Eu- rope. European states sent representatives to participate in the drafting of the UN Convention relating to the status of refugees 1951 together with its 1967 protocol – the international commitment to refugee protection and were among the first signatories. They have also been strong supporters of the UN Agency established as guardians of the Geneva Convention – the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) and participate as members of the UNHCR’s Executive Committee. However, these same states, when adopting legislation on refugee protection in European Union law appear Janus faced. On the one hand, statements of commitment to refugee protection are plentiful, on the other, mechanisms adopted aim to exclude the refugee even from being heard. In this article I will examine this contradiction using the concept of governmentality as developed by Michel Foucault. Deploying the three techniques of governmentality which Foucault developed most – sovereignty, discipline and biopolitics, I seek to dissect the asylum protection system the EU is developing and make visible the underlying structure of authority and power. 


2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 418-423
Author(s):  
Codrin Codrea

Abstract The mortis causa donation is a particular form of donation, made in the anticipation of death. Its regime was subjected to particular different norms in some continental-European legal systems, such as the French and the Romanian ones, and in some common law legal systems, such as the English and the American ones. This article investigates in a comparative manner the different legal solutions regarding the status of mortis causa donations in French and Romanian legal systems, on one hand, and in the English and American legal systems, on the other. Although in the history of French law the donation mortis causa was recognized under the customary norms of the ancien droit, contemporary continental-European legal systems do not recognize an intermediary gratuitous act between testamentary provisions and donation contracts, while in the common law legal systems the mortis causa donation is recognized as a particular form of gratuitous transfer, but it has different legal effects in English and American legal systems.


2002 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROXANE WIRSCHUM SILVA ◽  
DÉBORA DO ROCIO KLISIOWICZ ◽  
DORALICE MARIA CELLA ◽  
OLDEMIR CARLOS MANGILI ◽  
IVES JOSÉ SBALQUEIRO

As aranhas do gênero Loxosceles são pequenas, apresentam distribuição cosmopolita, hábitos noturnos e não agressivos. Na região metropolitana de Curitiba, são encontradas duas espécies de aranha marrom: L. intermedia e L. laeta. A primeira é a mais abundante e responsável, nos últimos anos, por inúmeros acidentes denominados de Loxoscelismo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar citogeneticamente estas aranhas, através de técnicas de coloração comum (Giemsa) e de bandeamento C, em células prémeióticas, meióticas e embrionárias. Exemplares foram coletados em domicílios ou fornecidos pelo Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Animais Peçonhentos (LIPAPE). As preparações citológicas foram obtidas a partir de testículos de aranhas adultas ou de células embrionárias. Os dados mostram que as duas espécies são cariotipicamente similares e caracterizam-se por apresentar um número diplóide diferenciado entre os sexos: 2n=23 nos machos e 24 nas fêmeas. Esta diferença é devida ao sistema cromossômico de determinação sexual múltiplo, do tipo X1X2Y (machos) e X1X1X2X2 (fêmeas). A aplicação da técnica de bandeamento C revelou que em L. intermedia poucos cromossomos apresentam banda pericentromérica, incluindo os sexuais, X1 e X2, ao passo que em L. laeta, diferentemente, todos os cromossomos do genoma apresentaram bandas pericentroméricas conspícuas. Em ambas as espécies, o cromossomo Y mostrou-se quase que totalmente heterocromático. Este tipo de bandeamento, além de ser inédito em Loxosceles, revelou ser uma importante característica na diferenciação cariotípica entre L. intermedia e L. laeta. ABSTRACT The genus Loxosceles includes cosmopolitan small spiders, which have nocturnal and non-agressive habits. Two species of brown spiders are found in the metropolitan area of Curitiba: L. intermedia and L. laeta. The first one is more abundant, and responsible for many accidents (Loxoscelism). The aim of this study is to analyze cytogenetically these spiders, through conventional (Giemsa) and c-banding techniques in pre-meiotic, meiotic and embrionary cells. The specimens were collected in houses or kindly provided by Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Animais Peçonhentos (LIPAPE). Cytological preparations were obtained from embrionic cells or from testis of adult specimens. The data showed that both species are karyotipically similar, and had different diploid numbers in males and females (2n=23 and 2n=24, respectively). This difference is the result of a multiple sex chromosome system (X1X2Y/ X1X1X2X2). The use of c-banding technique revealed that a few chromosomes of L. intermedia showed pericentromeric blocks of constitutive heterochromatin, including gonosomes X1 and X2. On the other hand, all the chromosomes of L. laeta showed conspicuous pericentromeric C-positive segments. In both species, the Y chromosome revealed to be almost tottaly heterochromatic. This study described the result of the use of c-banding technique for the first time in Loxosceles, which revealed an important karyotypical distintion between L. intermedia and L. laeta. RÉSUMÉ Les araignées du genre Loxosceles sont petites, présentent une distribution cosmopolite, ont des habits nocturnes et ne sont pas agressives. Dans la region métropolitaine de Curitiba, on y trouve deux espèces de l’araignée marron: L. intermedia et L. laeta. La premiere c’est la plus abondante et responsable, dans les dernières années par des nombreux accidents connus sous le nom de loxoscelisme. Le but de cet article est celui d’étudier la cytogénétique de ces araignées, par moyen des colorants ordinaires dont le Giemsa et par le technique du bandage C en utilisant des cellules C, des cellules pré-meyotiques, meyotiques et embryonnaires. Des échantillons ont été soit obtenues dans des maisons particulières, soit fournies par le Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Animais Peçonhentos (LIPAPE), et les préparations cytologiques obtenues des testicules des adultes ou des cellules embryonnaires. Les résultats montrent que les deux espèces sont similaires du point de vue caryotype et se caractérisent par avoir un numéro diploíde différencié entre les sexes : 2n=23 dans les mâles et 24 dans les femelles. Cette différence dans le numéro diploïde est due ao système chromosomique de détermination sexuelle – multiple du type X1X2Y (mâles)/X1X1X2X2 (femelles). L’utilisation du bandage C a montré que chez L. intermedia pas beaucoup de chromosomes présentent la bande pericentrométrique, y compris les sexuels X1 et X2. Par contre, chez L. laeta, tous les chromosomes du génome présentent des bandes pericentrométriques visibles. Dans toutes les deux, le chromosome Y s’est montré presque hétérochromatique. Cet type de bandage, en plus d’inédite chez Loxosceles, s’est montré aussi important dans la séparation caryotypique entre L. intermedia et L. laeta.


2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (4) ◽  
pp. 1313-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R Maddison ◽  
John S Sproul

Abstract The western North American genus Lionepha is shown to contain at least 11 species through a combination of eight-gene species delimitation analyses and morphological study. In order to confirm the names of several species, we sequence DNA of primary types of several names, including a LeConte lectotype collected in the 1850s, using next-generation sequencing. We examine chromosomes of eight species, and show that all have 12 pairs of autosomes and an X0/XX sex-chromosome system. The following species are described as new: Lionepha australerasa, L. kavanaughi, L. lindrothi and L. tuulukwa. The name Lionepha erasa is shown to belong to a relatively rare, western species ranging from Oregon through Alaska; the common, widespread species previously known as Lionepha erasa now takes the name L. probata. Bembidion chintimini, B. lindrothellus and B. lummi are synonymized with L. erasa. We provide tools to identify specimens to species, including illustrations, diagnoses and distribution maps.


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