scholarly journals Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross

2021 ◽  
Vol 318 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
G.M. Koishina ◽  
◽  
E.E. Zholdasbay ◽  
M.B. Kurmanseitov ◽  
E.B. Tazhiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Pure Zinc ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Metal Impurities ◽  
Preliminary Separation ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mineral Additives ◽  
Principal Possibility

In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.

scholarly journals Effect of Application of Ammonium Chloride and Calcium Chloride on Alfalfa Cation-Anion Content and Yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 5159-5164 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Goff ◽  
E.C. Brummer ◽  
S.J. Henning ◽  
R.K. Doorenbos ◽  
R.L. Horst
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride

scholarly journals ORGANIC MATTER IN THE EXPIRED BREATH WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS INHIBITING POWER ON OXIDIZING FERMENTS

1913 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-151
Author(s):  
Harold Lindsay Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Food Particles

Weichardt claims to have demonstrated the presence of an organic body in the expired air. He allowed the exhaled breath to pass through hydrochloric acid solution, evaporated the resulting solution to dryness on a water bath, and obtained a weighable residue which charred on ignition. If he neutralized the acid solution and concentrated it under reduced pressure, he obtained a solution which inhibited the bluing of the guaiacum indicator by blood. By exposing calcium chloride in a room in which the air had been vitiated, he claimed also to have obtained a substance from the air which prevented the bluing of the guaiacum indicator by blood. The experiments here recorded show that a variable amount of matter is retained by weak hydrochloric solution when exhaled breath is passed through it, and that this matter is volatile on ignition. Contrary to the findings of Weichardt, there is no charring or blackening. Nesslerization shows the residue to consist mainly, if not wholly, of ammonium chloride. This ammonia is believed to have come from the decomposition of food particles about the teeth. In one case the person (S.) had smoked just before the experiment, so that a small amount of the ammonia from the tobacco smoke may have been held temporarily by the saliva and food particles in the mouth and been given off gradually during the experiment. Weichardt's experiments on the inhibition of the guaiacum test for blood by means of the substances retained when exhaled breath is passed through hydrochloric acid or over calcium chloride crystals are not corroborated. It is further shown that the guaiacum indicator is unreliable for these tests in view of the fact that a small amount of free acid or free alkali will inhibit the guaiacum test for blood. This fact is offered as a probable explanation of Weichardt's results. Calcium chloride alone gives a deep blue color with the guaiacin indicator. Weichardt used this salt to collect from the expired breath certain unknown substances which he claims inhibit the oxidation of guaiacum by blood. His results are therefore inconclusive. The phenolphthalin test for blood has been studied in this connection and further light has been thrown on this reaction. The sodium salt of phenolphthalin is colorless in alkaline solution, and is readily oxidized by minute quantities of blood to phenolphthalein which gives a characteristic deep purplish red color in alkaline solution. It has been found that the presence of calcium chloride and ammonium chloride in small amounts retards and, in large amounts, prevents this reaction. It is believed that any salt composed of a weak base combined with a strong acid will have the same effect. This is discussed in the text. It has also been shown that the presence of calcium chloride or ammonium chloride decreases the depth of color of phenolphthalein in sodium hydroxide solution. Carbon dioxide also prevents the oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood. Of course this does not mean that carbon dioxide prevents the action of the oxidizing ferments generally. In this particular case the substance to be oxidized, namely phenolphthalin, was not allowed by reason of the presence of the carbon dioxide to combine with the alkali and thereby assume a state in which it could be easily oxidized. The results of one experiment seem to indicate a relation between the amount of dissolved oxygen in the solutions and the percentage of oxidation. Sodium chloride either alone or with the aid of hydrogen peroxide is able to bring about the oxidation of phenolphthalin in alkali to a very slight extent (3.5 to 5 per cent. in twenty-four hours). Therefore phenolphthalin as a test for oxidizing ferments should not be used in the presence of an appreciable amount of inorganic salts or carbon dioxide. Complete dialysis is recommended in these cases. It is also to be noted that the great delicacy of the test allows considerable dilution. Liquids were obtained from the expired breath by passing this through weak hydrochloric acid or by condensing the moisture in it by conducting it through cooled Drechsel bottles. Attempts were then made to prove the presence in these liquids of some substance which inhibits the oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood, but all were unsuccessful. Moreover attempts to concentrate these liquids by evaporation under reduced pressure or by the passage of a direct current (colloidal travel) were also unsuccessful. It is planned to improve upon the apparatus used to concentrate colloids by the passage of a direct current, and to test the effect of expired breath products on the rate of oxidation of phenolphthalin by blood.

scholarly journals Preparation of Triacetoneamine, II

1977 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sosnovsky ◽  
M. Konieczny
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Weight Yield ◽  
Optimized Conditions ◽  
Yield And Purity

The preparation of triacetoneamine (1) by the condensation of acetone with ammonia in the presence of calcium chloride is investigated. The progress of the reaction is monitored by gas chromatography. The effects of added ammonium chloride, the total amount of ammonia introduced, and the temperature of the reaction on the weight yield and purity of 1 are investigated. The optimized conditions for the preparation of 1 at 59 °C are described.

Identical Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Manifold for Determination of Protein, Phosphorus, Calcium, Chloride, Copper, Manganese, Iron, and Zinc in Feeds or Premixes

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1179-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Fu Liu ◽  
Ying-Di Feng ◽  
Gui-Bin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Xylenol Orange ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Double Line ◽  
Copper Manganese ◽  
Iron And Zinc

Abstract A simple procedure using an identical manifold was developed for determination of nitrogen (protein) phosphorus, calcium, chloride, copper, manganese, iron, and zinc in feeds and feedstuffs. By changing appropriate reagents and detection wavelength, these 8 elements were determined successively with a simple identical double-line flow injection (FI) manifold. FI spectrophotometric determinations were made by the blue indophenol reaction for ammonium, the molybdenum blue method for phosphate, the cresolphthalein complexone procedure for calcium, and the mercuric thiocyanate procedure for chloride. The chromogenic reagents for copper, iron, manganese, and zinc determination were bis(cyclohexanone)oxalydihydrazone (Cuprizone), 1,10-phenanthroline, formaldoxime, and xylenol orange, respectively. Sample digestion catalyst, FI manifold, and some chemical parameters were optimized. The proposed procedure had a sampling rate of 90/h for each analyte. The determination ranges (mg/L) were 10–60 for N, 1–15 for P and Ca, 5–40 for Cl, and 0.5–15 for Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, respectively. Results of the analyses of animal feed and feedstuff samples by this procedure did not differ significantly from those obtained by proven manual methods.

scholarly journals Preparation, Optimization, and Screening of the Effect of Processing Variables on Agar Nanospheres Loaded with Bupropion HCl by a D-Optimal Design

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaleh Varshosaz ◽  
Mohammad Reza Zaki ◽  
Mohsen Minaiyan ◽  
Jaafar Banoozadeh
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Delivery ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Immediate Release ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
High Degree

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant drug. Fluctuating in its serum levels following oral administration of immediate release dosage forms leads to occasional seizure. The aim of the present work was designing of sustained release bupropion HCl nanospheres suited for pulmonary delivery. Agar nanospheres were prepared by transferring the w/o emulsion to solid in oil (s/o) suspension. Calcium chloride was used as cross-linking agent and hydroxypropylβ-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) was used as permeability enhancer. A response surface D-optimal design was used for optimization of nanospheres. Independent factors included in the design were calcium chloride percent, speed of homogenization, agar percent, and HPβCD percent. Optimum condition was predicted to be achieved when the calcium chloride was set at 7.19%, homogenization speed at 8500 rpm, agar content at 2%, and HPβCD at 0.12%. The optimized nanoparticles showed particle size of 587 nm, zeta potential of −30.9 mV, drug loading efficiency of 38.6%, and release efficiency of 51% until 5 h. The nanospheres showed high degree of bioadhesiveness. D-optimal response surface method is a satisfactory design to optimize the fabrication of bupropion HCl loaded agar nanospheres and these nanospheres can be successively exploited to deliver bupropion in a controlled manner for a sufficiently extended period.

scholarly journals Processing Dross from Hot-Dip Galvanizing by Chlorination Roasting

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12530
Author(s):  
Nurlan Kalievich Dosmukhamedov ◽  
Arkady Kaplan ◽  
Erzhan Esenbaiuly Zholdasbay ◽  
Gulzada Myngyshkyzy Koishina ◽  
Yeleussiz Bolatovich Tazhiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Initial Amount ◽  
Pure Zinc ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Lead And Cadmium ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Chlorination Roasting ◽  
Mineral Additives

Dross from hot-dip galvanizing is an important source of pure zinc ingots and zinc oxide for use as mineral additives in animal and poultry feed. Thermodynamic calculations have shown the possibility of solving the issue of dross processing by roasting using CaCl2 and NH4Cl. The influence of the consumption of chlorinating reagents, the roasting temperature on the degree of sublimation of Pb, Fe, Ni, Cu and Cd has been investigated. It has been shown that the best results are achieved when roasting the dross with the simultaneous use of CaCl2 and NH4Cl in amounts of 6 and 15% by weight of the feed material. The optimal roasting parameters were established: T = 1000 °C, duration—60 min, air flow—0.1 L/min. Recovered pure zinc oxide composition (%) was: 0.05 Pb, 0.15 Fe, 0.06 Ni, 0.003 Cu and 0.001 Cd. The degree of sublimation of copper, nickel and iron chlorides was ~75%, with lead and cadmium at 90–98% of their initial amount in the dross.

HIDROLISA PATI DARI KULIT SINGKONG (VARIABEL RATIO BAHAN DAN KONSENTRASI ASAM)

EKUILIBIUM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Endang Mastuti
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Starch Hydrolysis ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants ◽  
Cassava Peel

<p>Abstract: Cassava peel is generally used as animal feed and sometimes just thrown away. To<br />increase the economic value of cassava peels used as alternative materials to manufacture<br />glucose by hydrolysis. This study aims to determine the effect of material and the concentration<br />ratio of acid to the peel of cassava starch hydrolysis of the resulting reduction of glucose and<br />starch hydrolysis reaction rate constants of the cassava peel with hydrochloric acid catalyst.<br />Variables remained in the study was 250 ml volume of cooking and temperature 95<br />C (boiling<br />temperature). Variable is the ratio of materials that were reviewed (30 gr, 40 gr, 50 gr and 60 gr)and acid concentration (0.05 N, 0.1 N; 0.15 N; and 0.2 N). Glucose samples were analyzed by<br />using the Lane-Eynon. Data analysis showed the material and the larger the ratio of acid<br />concentration, the glucose formed higher. So also with increasing reaction time, glucose is<br />formed also higher. Operating conditions which result in maximum glucose in the ratio 5:1<br />material and acid concentration 0.2 N. In this study the reaction of first order reaction rate<br />constants obtained in ratio of materials from 0.0116 to 0.0172/min and at variable acid<br />concentrations from 0.0157 to 0.0252/min.<br />Keywords: Cassava peel, hydrolysis, hydrochloric acid<br />o</p>

DFT Investigation of the Mechanism and Chemical Kinetics for the Gelation of Colloidal Silica

2013 ◽  
Vol 1547 ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Steven S. Burnett ◽  
James W. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Colloidal Silica ◽  
Energy Surface ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Reaction Rate Constants

ABSTRACTThe mechanism for the gelation reaction of colloidal silica, Si(OH)4 +Si(OH)3 (O)- ----> Si2O8H5- + H2O, by an anionic pathway was investigated using density functional theory(DFT). Using transition state theory, the rate constants were obtained by analyzing the potential energy surface at the reactants, saddle point, and the products. In addition, reaction rate constants were investigated in the presence of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and sodium chloride (NaCl). These salts act as catalysts to induce gelation by destabilizing the double layer of colloidal silica to allow for Van der Waal interactions. Furthermore, it was observed that ammonium chloride plays an important role by initiating a hydride transfer allowing the reaction to proceed from the second transition state to the final product.

scholarly journals Effect of Nutrient Solution Composition on Bio-Cemented Sand

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1572
Author(s):  
Shihua Liang ◽  
Xueli Xiao ◽  
Zhanlin Li ◽  
Deluan Feng
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Nutrient Broth ◽  
Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Cemented Sand ◽  
Sand Particles

Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation is an environmentally friendly foundation treatment technology that effectively improves soil engineering performance. The various nutrient components of liquid curing compounds significantly influence the curing effect. On the basis of penetration, dry density, water absorption, and unconfined compressive strength tests, this study showed the effect of nutrient solution composition, including urea, calcium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, and nutrient broth, on the physicomechanical properties of bio-cemented sand. The morphological differences of calcium carbonate precipitates under nutrient solution composition were compared through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the curing effect of compound nutrient solution was improved compared with the basic nutrient solution (urea and calcium chloride). Among the individual components added, ammonium chloride had the most remarkable effect, followed by sodium bicarbonate and nutrient broth. Among the paired components added, sodium bicarbonate + ammonium chloride had the most significant effect, followed by sodium bicarbonate + nutrient broth and ammonium chloride + nutrient broth. The strength of bio-cemented sand cured with compound nutrient solution containing five components could reach 3.43 MPa, which was 1.92 times higher than the strength of the basic nutrient solution. As shown by the SEM image, the calcium carbonate precipitation in the solidified sand was distributed in the clearance of sand particles, effectively bonding the sand particles. The calcium carbonate obtained by the composition of the compound nutrient solution precipitated the sand particles, and some of the sand particles were wrapped. Moreover, the amount of precipitation was evidently greater than that of the basic nutrient solution. Compared with the basic nutrient solution, the compound nutrient solution effectively reduced the apparent porosity and average pore size of the sand. Thus, the curing effect of the compound nutrient solution was better than that of the basic nutrient solution.

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