Walled In: Ordinary East Germans' Responses to 13 August 1961

The building of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961 had repercussions not only on the international scene, but also for the power relationship between state and society in the German Democratic Republic. This article considers the short-, medium- and long-term reactions of the East German population to the border closure from a personal and political perspective, examining key groups such as educated elites, workers, and young people. The closed society elicited a new deference in the short term, but the author argues for considerable continuities of low-level disruptive behavior before and after 13 August. In the longer term, there was a generation born behind the Wall which by simple habituation rather than a conscious decision was forced to accept the new contours of the geopolitical landscape created by the Wall.

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Feasibility and Enjoyment of Exercise Video Games in Older Adults

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1838 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 559-559

Author(s):

Sara Freed ◽

Briana Sprague ◽

Lesley Ross

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Video Games ◽

Game Design ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Before And After ◽

Xbox Kinect ◽

Game Developers

Abstract Interventions using exercise video games, or exergames, have shown short-term cognitive and physical benefits to older adults, though long-term effects are less promising. Enjoyment of exergames may promote exergame use after the intervention period, though little work has examined older adults’ views of exergames before and after gameplay experience. We invited 20 older adults between 65 and 84 years of age (M=73.30, SD=5.95) to play two Xbox Kinect games, Just Dance and Kinect Sports Rivals, for twenty minutes. In our presentation, we will present qualitative and quantitative findings of this pilot study, including findings that older adults reported that they were not likely to play similar exergames in the future and that they did not find the exergames to be more fun compared to other ways of exercising. We will discuss implications for game design and research relevant to game developers, manufacturers, and researchers. Part of a symposium sponsored by Technology and Aging Interest Group.

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Endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy for the treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors: an operative technique and short-term outcomes of 20 consecutive cases

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal ◽

10.1186/s41016-020-00222-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaorong Yan ◽

Huiqing Wang ◽

Cai Li ◽

Yuanxiang Lin ◽

Lin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Technique ◽

Spinal Deformity ◽

Tumor Recurrence ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Intradural Extramedullary ◽

Controlled Surgery

Abstract Background To present a surgical technique for the treatment of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors by using endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy technique. Methods In this study, 20 patients with 22 IDEM tumors were enrolled. An endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy was employed to remove the tumors. Data related to clinical symptoms and medical images before and after surgery were collected for perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis. Results All the tumors in 20 patients were well removed. The clinical symptoms were significantly reduced in all the patients as well. The short-term follow-up data showed that there was no tumor recurrence or spinal deformity. Conclusion The endoscopically controlled surgery with open hemilaminectomy technique provided favorable exposure and satisfactory resection to the IDEM tumors. It may be an effective surgical method for treating IDEM tumors. Larger samples and longer follow-up data are needed to verify its long-term effectiveness.

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MULTIFRACTAL FLUCTUATIONS OF JIUZHAIGOU TOURISTS BEFORE AND AFTER WENCHUAN EARTHQUAKE

Fractals ◽

10.1142/s0218348x13500011 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 21 (01) ◽

pp. 1350001 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

KAI SHI ◽

WEN-YONG LI ◽

CHUN-QIONG LIU ◽

ZHENG-WEN HUANG

Keyword(s):

Wenchuan Earthquake ◽

Moving Average ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Dynamical Mechanism ◽

Before And After ◽

Previous State ◽

Multifractal Behavior ◽

Multifractal Nature

In this work, multifractal methods have been successfully used to characterize the temporal fluctuations of daily Jiuzhai Valley domestic and foreign tourists before and after Wenchuan earthquake in China. We used multifractal detrending moving average method (MF-DMA). It showed that Jiuzhai Valley tourism markets are characterized by long-term memory and multifractal nature in. Moreover, the major sources of multifractality are studied. Based on the concept of sliding window, the time evolutions of the multifractal behavior of domestic and foreign tourists were analyzed and the influence of Wenchuan earthquake on Jiuzhai Valley tourism system dynamics were evaluated quantitatively. The study indicates that the inherent dynamical mechanism of Jiuzhai Valley tourism system has not been fundamentally changed from long views, although Jiuzhai Valley tourism system was seriously affected by the Wenchuan earthquake. Jiuzhai Valley tourism system has the ability to restore to its previous state in the short term.

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Endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy for the treatment of intradural extramedullary tumors: An operative technique and short-term outcomes of 20 consecutive cases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28089/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaorong Yan ◽

Huiqing Wang ◽

Cai Li ◽

Yuanxiang Lin ◽

Lin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surgical Technique ◽

Spinal Deformity ◽

Tumor Recurrence ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Intradural Extramedullary ◽

Controlled Surgery

Abstract Background To present a surgical technique for the treatment of intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors by using endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy technique. Methods In this study, 20 patients with 22 IDEM tumors were enrolled. An endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy was employed to remove the tumors. Data related to clinical symptoms and medical images before and after surgery were collected for perioperative evaluation and follow-up analysis. Results All the tumors in 20 patients were well removed. The clinical symptoms were significantly reduced in all the patients as well. The short term follow-up data showed that there was no tumor recurrence or spinal deformity. Conclusion The endoscopically-controlled surgery with open hemi-laminectomy technique provided favorable exposure and satisfactory resection to the IDEM tumors. It may be an effective surgical method for treating IDEM tumors. Larger samples and longer follow-up data are needed to verify its long-term effectiveness.

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Predicting the cumulative medical load of COVID-19 outbreaks after the peak in daily fatalities

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0247272 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. e0247272

Author(s):

Claudius Gros ◽

Roser Valenti ◽

Lukas Schneider ◽

Benedikt Gutsche ◽

Dimitrije Marković

Keyword(s):

Phase Space ◽

Sir Model ◽

Reaction Model ◽

Space Representation ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

The Status ◽

Short And Long Term

The distinct ways the COVID-19 pandemic has been unfolding in different countries and regions suggest that local societal and governmental structures play an important role not only for the baseline infection rate, but also for short and long-term reactions to the outbreak. We propose to investigate the question of how societies as a whole, and governments in particular, modulate the dynamics of a novel epidemic using a generalization of the SIR model, the reactive SIR (short-term and long-term reaction) model. We posit that containment measures are equivalent to a feedback between the status of the outbreak and the reproduction factor. Short-term reaction to an outbreak corresponds in this framework to the reaction of governments and individuals to daily cases and fatalities. The reaction to the cumulative number of cases or deaths, and not to daily numbers, is captured in contrast by long-term reaction. We present the exact phase space solution of the controlled SIR model and use it to quantify containment policies for a large number of countries in terms of short and long-term control parameters. We find increased contributions of long-term control for countries and regions in which the outbreak was suppressed substantially together with a strong correlation between the strength of societal and governmental policies and the time needed to contain COVID-19 outbreaks. Furthermore, for numerous countries and regions we identified a predictive relation between the number of fatalities within a fixed period before and after the peak of daily fatality counts, which allows to gauge the cumulative medical load of COVID-19 outbreaks that should be expected after the peak. These results suggest that the proposed model is applicable not only for understanding the outbreak dynamics, but also for predicting future cases and fatalities once the effectiveness of outbreak suppression policies is established with sufficient certainty. Finally, we provide a web app (https://itp.uni-frankfurt.de/covid-19/) with tools for visualising the phase space representation of real-world COVID-19 data and for exporting the preprocessed data for further analysis.

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Duodenal Dysbiosis and Relation to the Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Functional Dyspepsia

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222413609 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (24) ◽

pp. 13609

Author(s):

Lucas Wauters ◽

Raúl Y. Tito ◽

Matthias Ceulemans ◽

Maarten Lambaerts ◽

Alison Accarie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Functional Dyspepsia ◽

Proton Pump Inhibitors ◽

Proton Pump ◽

Potential Role ◽

Short Term ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Rrna Sequencing ◽

Before And After

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) may improve symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD) through duodenal eosinophil-reducing effects. However, the contribution of the microbiome to FD symptoms and its interaction with PPI remains elusive. Aseptic duodenal brushings and biopsies were performed before and after PPI intake (4 weeks Pantoprazole 40 mg daily, FD-starters and controls) or withdrawal (2 months, FD-stoppers) for 16S-rRNA sequencing. Between- and within-group changes in genera or diversity and associations with symptoms or duodenal factors were analyzed. In total, 30 controls, 28 FD-starters and 19 FD-stoppers were followed. Mucus-associated Porphyromonas was lower in FD-starters vs. controls and correlated with symptoms in FD and duodenal eosinophils in both groups, while Streptococcus correlated with eosinophils in controls. Although clinical and eosinophil-reducing effects of PPI therapy were unrelated to microbiota changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus was associated with duodenal PPI effects in controls and remained higher despite withdrawal of long-term PPI therapy in FD-stoppers. Thus, duodenal microbiome analysis demonstrated differential mucus-associated genera, with a potential role of Porphyromonas in FD pathophysiology. While beneficial effects of short-term PPI therapy were not associated with microbial changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus and its association with PPIeffects in controls suggest a role for duodenal dysbiosis after long-term PPI therapy.

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Disentangling niche theory and beta diversity change

10.1101/2021.07.05.451214 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William Godsoe ◽

Peter J Bellingham ◽

Elena Moltchanova

Keyword(s):

Beta Diversity ◽

Price Equation ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

Environmental Requirements ◽

Habitat Specialists ◽

Montane Tropical Forest ◽

Ecological Drift ◽

Over Time

Beta diversity describes the differences in species composition among communities. Changes in beta diversity over time are thought to be due to selection based on species' niche characteristics. For example, theory predicts that selection that favours habitat specialists will increase beta diversity. In practice, ecologists struggle to predict how beta diversity changes. To remedy this problem, we propose a novel solution that formally measures selection's effects on beta diversity. Using the Price equation, we show how change in beta diversity over time can be partitioned into fundamental mechanisms including selection among species, variable selection among communities, drift, and immigration. A key finding of our approach is that a species' short-term impact on beta diversity cannot be predicted using information on its long-term environmental requirements (i.e. its niche). We illustrate how our approach can be used to partition causes of diversity change in a montane tropical forest before and after an intense hurricane. Previous work in this system highlighted the resistance of habitat specialists and the recruitment of light-demanding species but was unable to quantify the importance of these effects on beta diversity. Using our approach, we show that changes in beta diversity were consistent with ecological drift. We use these results to highlight the opportunities presented by a synthesis of beta diversity and formal models of selection.

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Accrual management and the decision to sell or hold shares acquired from the exercise of employee stock options

Journal of Financial Reporting ◽

10.2308/jfr-2018-0002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 0000-0000

Author(s):

Thomas Smith ◽

G. Ryan Huston ◽

Richard M. Morton

Keyword(s):

Stock Option ◽

Employee Stock Options ◽

Short Term ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Employee Stock Option ◽

Holding Period ◽

Before And After ◽

Accrual Management ◽

The Impact

This study extends the employee stock option literature by examining the impact of accrual management, before and after stock option exercise, on the timing of sales of shares acquired at exercise. We find evidence that accrual management prior to exercise is positively associated with the decision to quickly sell shares after exercise, facilitating a short-term exercise-and-sell strategy. Alternatively, we find that, among executives initially choosing to hold at exercise, tax incentives appear to drive both post-exercise accrual management and the timing of sale transactions. Specifically, our results suggest that executives use income-increasing accruals during the holding period to bolster their stock option gains sand then sell immediately after satisfying the minimum (twelve month) holding period for long-term capital gain treatment. These results provide context for prior research that found evidence of earnings management leading up to option exercise on the expectation of an immediate sale.

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Variations revealed by INFREP Radio Network in correspondence of six earthquakes with MW greater than 5.0 occurred in the Balkan Peninsula and Adriatic Sea on 26 and 27 November, 2019

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-9200 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pier Francesco Biagi ◽

Alexandra Nina ◽

Anita Ermini ◽

Giovanni Nico

Keyword(s):

Adriatic Sea ◽

Technological Development ◽

Signal Amplitude ◽

Balkan Peninsula ◽

Ministry Of Education ◽

Short Term ◽

Before And After ◽

The Republic ◽

Education Science

In this work we analyse variations in VLF/LF radio signal amplitudes recorded by the INFREP network in the period 16 November &#8211; 6 December, 2019 characterized by very intensive seismic activities in the Balkan peninsula, Crete, and Adriatic, Aegean and Black seas. Namely, 38 earthquakes with magnitude greater than 4.0 occurred in this area during the noticed period; the most intensive of them occurred on 26 and 27 November: three events in Albania (Mw= 6.4, 5.3, 5.1), one in Crete (Mw= 6), one in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mw= 5.4) and two in Adriatic sea (Mw= 5.4, 5.3). We study both long- and short- term variations that are already recorded in earlier studies. The long-term variations relate to changes in the amplitude intensities in periods of several days and their existence is shown in many previous studies. The recent analyses also indicate short-term variations in signal amplitude noises started about several tents of minutes before the earthquake (Nina et al. 2020). In this work, we analyse different areas using INFREP network, which allow us to study local changes in the atmosphere. In order to examine possible precursors we considered longer time started and ended 10 days before and after the most intensive of the considered earthquakes, respectively.This research is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, under the projects 176002 and III44002.ReferencesNina, A., S. Pulinets, P. F. Biagi, G. Nico, S. T. Mitrovi&#263;, M. Radovanovi&#263; and L. &#268;. Popovi&#263;. Science of the Total Environment 710 (2020) 136406

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Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional Soccer

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/v10078-011-0028-7 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 115-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carlos Lago-Peñas

Keyword(s):

Team Performance ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Short Term ◽

Shock Effect ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Before And After ◽

Using Data ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Empirical Analysis

Coach Mid-Season Replacement and Team Performance in Professional SoccerThe coaching carousel or turnover is an extreme but frequently occurring phenomenon in soccer. Among the reasons for firing a coach, the most common is the existence of a shock-effect: a new coach would be able to motivate the players better and therefore to improve results. Using data from the Spanish Soccer League during the seasons from 1997-1998 to 2006-2007, this paper investigates the relationship between team performance and coach change over time. The empirical analysis shows that the shock effect of a turnover has a positive impact on team performance in the short term. Results reveal no impact of coach turnover in the long term. The favourable short-term impact on team performance of a coach turnover is followed by continued gradual worsening of results. The turnover effect is non-existent when the comparison between the new coach and the old coach is done over 10, 15 or 20 matches before and after termination.

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