scholarly journals Comparison of In Situ and In Vitro Techniques for Measuring Ruminal Degradation of Animal By-Product Proteins

1997 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 2925-2931 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. England ◽  
G.A. Broderick ◽  
R.D. Shaver ◽  
D.K. Combs
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

scholarly journals In vitro and in situ techniques yield different estimates of ruminal disappearance of barley

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E DeFeo ◽  
Kelsey V Shampoe ◽  
Pedro H V Carvalho ◽  
Flavia A S Silva ◽  
Tara L Felix
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Hulless Barley ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
In Vitro Incubation ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

Abstract Objectives were to compare in vitro and in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch of traditional (unprocessed and rolled) and hulless (unprocessed) barley. Experiment 1: three barley sources were compared using in vitro techniques. The sources were: 1) traditional barley that was not processed, 2) traditional barley processed through a roller mill, and 3) hulless barley that was not processed. For in vitro incubation, each barley source was ground through a 1-mm screen. Ground barley sources were weighed into bags (25 micron porosity) and incubated in ruminal fluid from two steers fed 80% rolled corn for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h. Intact bags were assayed for NDF; remaining bags were opened and the residual was removed and analyzed to determine disappearance of DM and starch. Experiment 2: the barley sources used in Exp. 1 were compared using in situ techniques. For in situ analysis, each barley source was ground in a Wiley mill with no screen to mimic mastication. Artificially masticated samples were weighed into Dacron bags (50 ± 10 micron porosity) and incubated in eight ruminally fistulated steers (n = 8) for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Residual contents were analyzed to determine in situ disappearance of DM, NDF, and starch. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (9.4 SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with repeated measures. DM disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley in vitro and for rolled barley in situ, regardless of time postincubation. For both trials, NDF disappearance was greatest (P < 0.05) for hulless barley, regardless of time postincubation. Starch disappearance at all time points was greatest (P < 0.05) for rolled barley in situ. Starch disappearance was greater (P < 0.05) for hulless barley at 6 h of in vitro incubation compared to rolled and unprocessed barley, whereas starch disappearance in vitro was comparable (P = 0.60) between barley sources. When the grains were compared in vitro, minor differences were noted, presumably because barley sources were finely ground prior to incubation. Compared to in vitro estimates, in situ techniques had greater variation in ruminal degradation estimates. Differences observed between in situ and in vitro techniques are driven largely by differences between the procedures. Although laboratory methods are widely used to estimate ruminal degradation, these techniques did not provide comparable estimates of ruminal degradation of barley.

In vitro digestion and ruminal degradation of soybean hulls

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 166-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Ali Nikkhah ◽  
Kamran Reza-Yazdi ◽  
Hassan Mehrabani-Yeganeh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Soybean Processing

Dairy producers use soyhulls, a byproduct of soybean processing, to replace either grain or forage in diets of lactating dairy cows. In view of the nutritional and economical value of soyhulls it is anticipated that this practice will continue to increase in popularity among nutritionists and producers of ruminant animals. According to the NRC (2001), SH contain 60.3% NDF and 44.6% ADF on a DM basis. Also The CP content of SH averaged 11.8%, which is within the range of 13.9± 4.6%. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the in vitro DM and OM digestibility and in situ degradability of DM, CP and NDF contents of soybean hulls.

In situ and in vitro techniques for estimating degradation parameters and digestibility of diets based on maize or sorghum

2020 ◽  
Vol 158 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Silva ◽  
M. V. C. Pacheco ◽  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
D. Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Sorghum Grains ◽  
Sorghum Silage ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Grains

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate: (1) the effects of ensiling maize or sorghum grains after reconstitution on readily soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction in the rumen (b) and rate constant for degradation of b (c) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch (STA); and (2) an appropriate incubation time for in situ or in vitro procedures to estimate in vivo digestibility. Four rumen-cannulated Nellore bulls (body weight = 262 ± 19.6 kg) distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square were used. Diets were based on dry ground maize (DGM); or dry ground sorghum (DGS); or reconstituted ground maize silage; or reconstituted ground sorghum silage. In vitro and in situ incubations of the individual grains and diets were simultaneously performed with in vivo digestibility. In general, reconstituted grains and diets based on reconstituted grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and STA compared to dry grains and diets based on dry grain. However, the magnitude of response of the reconstitution and ensiling process on DM and OM degradability parameter was greater for maize than that for sorghum. Moreover, no differences (P > 0.05) were observed between DGM- and DGS-based diets for c estimates. The results suggest that the reconstitution process promotes grains protein matrix breakdown increasing STA availability. The incubation times required for in vivo digestibility estimations of DM, OM and STA are 24 h for in situ and 36 h for in vitro procedures.

In situ degradability of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall of various tree forages

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kamatali ◽  
E. Teller ◽  
M. Vanbelle ◽  
G. Collignon ◽  
M. Foulon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

AbstractLeaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Calliandra callothyrsus were harvested in Rwanda from young shoots at 8 weeks after the first cutting. They were dried, ground and incubated at the same time in polyester bags in three non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows each fitted with a ruminal cannula. The bags were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after the start of incubations. The different parameters characterizing extent and rate of ruminal degradation of organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were calculated. In vitro digestibility of residual protein after 24 h and 48 h incubation was also determined. Sesbania sesban had lowest cell wall contents and gave highest ruminal degradability for OM, NDF and CP. Leucaena leucocephala was degraded to a lesser extent, but its undegraded protein had a somewhat higher in vitro digestibility. In contrast, protein of Calliandra callothyrsus was poorly degraded and digested. The proportion and composition of cell wall could not explain these differences in digestion characteristics and other measurements, such as tannins, were incriminated. Increased ruminal incubation time augmented the extent of ruminal degradation and reduced in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein but did not affect the undigestible protein fraction.

scholarly journals In situ and in vitro estimation of mineral release from common feedstuffs fed to cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 1160-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ZANETTI ◽  
A. C. B. MENEZES ◽  
F. A. S. SILVA ◽  
L. F. COSTA E SILVA ◽  
P. P. ROTTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Asymptotic Model ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to quantify the dry matter (DM) digestibility, and total ash (TA) and mineral release from 12 concentrate and 12 forage feedstuffs commonly fed to cattle using in situ and in vitro methods. Concentrate and forage feedstuffs were incubated in the rumen of ruminally cannulated beef bulls at eight different time points. Two different trials were conducted for concentrates and forages, with maximum incubation time of 72 and 120 h, respectively. The residue from samples incubated for 24 h were treated with pepsin and hydrochloric acid to simulate abomasum digestion in vitro. The initial and residual samples after in situ and in vitro incubations were measured. An asymptotic model was adopted for estimating solubility of minerals, disappearance rate of DM, and TA. Correlations between feedstuff contents and mineral release were evaluated. Residual samples from rumen fermentation after 24 h were incubated in simulated abomasal conditions and mineral release was measured. Cluster analysis was performed to group feedstuffs in relation to TA release. Large variability was observed between concentrate and forage feedstuffs for all constituents analysed. Large variability was observed for the effective ruminal degradation of TA and individual mineral release. When feedstuffs were clustered according to the immediately soluble fraction (‘a’), the insoluble by potentially releasable fraction (‘b’) and the release rate of ‘b’ (‘kd’,/h) estimates of TA ruminal release, four groups were identified. From group ‘1’ to group ‘4’, an increase in the soluble fraction and a reduction in both moderate releasable fraction and release rate was observed. Neutral detergent fibre content had a negative correlation with mineral release in the rumen, while mineral content had a positive correlation. These results demonstrate that mineral solubilization in the digestive tract is not the limiting factor for mineral absorption from the feedstuffs tested.

Estimating ruminal crude protein degradation of forages using in situ and in vitro techniques

2012 ◽  
Vol 175 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Edmunds ◽  
K.-H. Südekum ◽  
H. Spiekers ◽  
F.J. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Techniques

Digestibility of rumen undegradable protein from 40 browse species measured by mobile nylon bag and in vitro techniques

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Kaitho ◽  
N. N. Umunna ◽  
I. V. Nsahlai ◽  
S. Tamminga ◽  
J. van Bruchem
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
Food Research ◽  
In Vitro Technique ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Crude protein concentration and energy value of cereal crop residues and poor quality grasses are below animal requirements during much of the year and browses have been incorporated in the feeding systems to improve the nutritional status of ruminants. Leaves and fruits of leguminous browses can be used as protein supplements for ruminants and are commonly used as foods in many agricultural systems. The new systems of protein evaluation (Agricultural and Food Research Council, 1992; Tamminga et al., 1994) partition food nitrogen into the amount degraded in the rumen and that which escapes ruminal degradation. Protein available for absorption post-ruminally is influenced by the amount of food nitrogen that is resistant to ruminal degradation plus microbial protein (Brown and Pitman, 1991). Several studies have been carried out to assess the digestibility of ruminal escape protein (Hvelplund, 1985; Frydrych, 1992), and the digestibility varies considerably across foods (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1982). Values between 0·80 and 0·85 are adopted for the true digestibility of protein from temperate foods and from microbial amino acids (van Bruchem et ah, 1989). However, no data are available on intestinal digestibility of browses although they have been recognized as good protein supplements. The mobile nylon bag (MNB) method is useful for assessing the digestibility of rumen undegradable food protein in the intestine (de Boer et ah, 1987). Since the MNB is labourious, it was desirable to assess the accuracy with which an in vitro (pepsin/pancreatin) procedure could predict results from the former. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine apparent digestibility of browse rumen undegradable protein using MNB method and pepsin/pancreatin in vitro technique.

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