scholarly journals In situ and in vitro estimation of mineral release from common feedstuffs fed to cattle

2017 ◽  
Vol 155 (7) ◽  
pp. 1160-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. ZANETTI ◽  
A. C. B. MENEZES ◽  
F. A. S. SILVA ◽  
L. F. COSTA E SILVA ◽  
P. P. ROTTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Asymptotic Model ◽  
Mineral Absorption ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

SUMMARYThe objective of the current study was to quantify the dry matter (DM) digestibility, and total ash (TA) and mineral release from 12 concentrate and 12 forage feedstuffs commonly fed to cattle using in situ and in vitro methods. Concentrate and forage feedstuffs were incubated in the rumen of ruminally cannulated beef bulls at eight different time points. Two different trials were conducted for concentrates and forages, with maximum incubation time of 72 and 120 h, respectively. The residue from samples incubated for 24 h were treated with pepsin and hydrochloric acid to simulate abomasum digestion in vitro. The initial and residual samples after in situ and in vitro incubations were measured. An asymptotic model was adopted for estimating solubility of minerals, disappearance rate of DM, and TA. Correlations between feedstuff contents and mineral release were evaluated. Residual samples from rumen fermentation after 24 h were incubated in simulated abomasal conditions and mineral release was measured. Cluster analysis was performed to group feedstuffs in relation to TA release. Large variability was observed between concentrate and forage feedstuffs for all constituents analysed. Large variability was observed for the effective ruminal degradation of TA and individual mineral release. When feedstuffs were clustered according to the immediately soluble fraction (‘a’), the insoluble by potentially releasable fraction (‘b’) and the release rate of ‘b’ (‘kd’,/h) estimates of TA ruminal release, four groups were identified. From group ‘1’ to group ‘4’, an increase in the soluble fraction and a reduction in both moderate releasable fraction and release rate was observed. Neutral detergent fibre content had a negative correlation with mineral release in the rumen, while mineral content had a positive correlation. These results demonstrate that mineral solubilization in the digestive tract is not the limiting factor for mineral absorption from the feedstuffs tested.

Ruminal degradation characteristics of corn and corn–sunflower intercropped silages prepared at two stages of maturity

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Mir ◽  
P. S. Mir ◽  
S. Bittman ◽  
L. J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Degradation Rate ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Two Stages

The degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of corn–sunflower intercrop silage (CSS) and monoculture corn silage (CS) prepared from whole plants, harvested at two stages of maturity, were compared using eight mature rumen-cannulated steers. The degradation characteristics were determined by incubating the silages in nylon bags for up to 72 h in the rumen of animals fed the respective silages. The degradation characteristics determined for the silages were the soluble fraction, the insoluble but degradable fractions, the rate of degradation of the degradable fractions of silage DM and protein, and the in situ disappearance of NDF and ADF after 0.5 and 72 h of incubation. The rate of particulate passage from the rumen was determined using chromium-mordanted NDF of the four silages. Values were used to estimate effectively degraded DM and protein. The rates of DM and protein degradation were highest for late-cut CSS (6.3 and 6.0% h−1, respectively) and the least for late-cut CS (2.5 and 0.8% h−1, respectively). Averaged across stages of maturity, more (P < 0.05) DM and protein were effectively degraded with CSS (57.4 and 70.1%, respectively) than with CS (48.8 and 48.7%). Degradation of NDF in early-cut CSS was lower (P < 0.05) than in CS after 72 h of incubation. ADF disappearance from all of the silages after 72 h of incubation was similar. Ruminal degradation of DM and protein in CSS was greater than in CS, which may affect efficiency of utilization of CSS. Key words: Degradation rate, effective degradability, corn silage, intercropped corn–sunflower, steers

In vitro digestion and ruminal degradation of soybean hulls

2007 ◽  
Vol 2007 ◽  
pp. 166-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mohammadzadeh ◽  
Ali Nikkhah ◽  
Kamran Reza-Yazdi ◽  
Hassan Mehrabani-Yeganeh
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
In Vitro Digestion ◽  
Soybean Hulls ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Soybean Processing

Dairy producers use soyhulls, a byproduct of soybean processing, to replace either grain or forage in diets of lactating dairy cows. In view of the nutritional and economical value of soyhulls it is anticipated that this practice will continue to increase in popularity among nutritionists and producers of ruminant animals. According to the NRC (2001), SH contain 60.3% NDF and 44.6% ADF on a DM basis. Also The CP content of SH averaged 11.8%, which is within the range of 13.9± 4.6%. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the in vitro DM and OM digestibility and in situ degradability of DM, CP and NDF contents of soybean hulls.

In situ degradability of organic matter, crude protein and cell wall of various tree forages

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Kamatali ◽  
E. Teller ◽  
M. Vanbelle ◽  
G. Collignon ◽  
M. Foulon
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Sesbania Sesban ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ruminal Degradation

AbstractLeaves of Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Calliandra callothyrsus were harvested in Rwanda from young shoots at 8 weeks after the first cutting. They were dried, ground and incubated at the same time in polyester bags in three non-lactating Holstein-Friesian cows each fitted with a ruminal cannula. The bags were removed at 0, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72 and 144 h after the start of incubations. The different parameters characterizing extent and rate of ruminal degradation of organic matter (OM), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and crude protein (CP) were calculated. In vitro digestibility of residual protein after 24 h and 48 h incubation was also determined. Sesbania sesban had lowest cell wall contents and gave highest ruminal degradability for OM, NDF and CP. Leucaena leucocephala was degraded to a lesser extent, but its undegraded protein had a somewhat higher in vitro digestibility. In contrast, protein of Calliandra callothyrsus was poorly degraded and digested. The proportion and composition of cell wall could not explain these differences in digestion characteristics and other measurements, such as tannins, were incriminated. Increased ruminal incubation time augmented the extent of ruminal degradation and reduced in vitro digestibility of undegraded protein but did not affect the undigestible protein fraction.

Fertilization biology of the abalone Haliotis laevigata: laboratory and field studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1668-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russ Babcock ◽  
John Keesing
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Fertilization Success ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Abalone Species ◽  
Nearest Neighbor Distances

A combination of laboratory and field experiments with the commercial abalone species Haliotis laevigata showed that fertilization may be a limiting factor in some exploited populations when distances separating spawning individuals are too large. The effects of gamete age, gamete concentration, and gamete contact time in the laboratory were used to model fertilization success in situ and compared with experimental fertilization rates in the field. Highest fertilization rates in vitro (80%) were found for sperm concentrations in the range of 1 × 104 to 1 × 106·mL-1. Fertilization rates of 48 ± 1.7% (95% CI) were measured at separation distances of 2 m and dropped to 2.8 ± 0.7% (95% CI) at 16 m downstream, agreeing closely with rates predicted by the model. Recruitment failures reported for South Australian populations of H. laevigata have occurred when densities fell below ca.0.3 animals·m-2, or mean nearest-neighbor distances between 1 and 2 m. This density corresponds well to critical nearest-neighbor distances for fertilization success. Stocks at higher densities are predicted to have higher fertilization rates (ca.90%) such that fertilization success is not a factor limiting recruitment.

In Situ Models, Physico-Chemical Aspects

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Ten Cate
Keyword(s):  
Single Point ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Crystallite Surface ◽  
Mineral Loss

In situ (intra-oral) caries models are used for two purposes. First, they provide information about oral physiological processes. Such information helps to detail our knowledge of the oral ecosystem and to verify conclusions from in vitro experiments. Second, in situ models are utilized to test preventive agents in the phase between laboratory testing and clinical trials. Most investigations involving enamel inserts have been aimed at testing new dentifrices. The experimental designs of such studies usually do not allow one to draw conclusions on physico-chemical processes, e.g., because of single point measurements. Studies of model parameters (lesion type, lesion severity, and de/remineralization in time) constitute only a minority of the research reports. The most striking observation obtained with in situ models has been the significant differences in de/remineralization observed among individuals and, more importantly, within one individual during different time periods and between different sites in the same mouth (for review, see ten Cate et al., 1992). Regardless of this, some general findings can be inferred: During in situ demineralization, up to 62 vol%μm/day may be removed from enamel. For dentin specimens, this value may be as high as 89 vol%μm/day. For remineralization, during fluoride dentifrice treatment, a median deposition rate of 0.7%/day (for lesions with integrated mineral loss values between 2000 and 4000 vol%μm) is found. The rate of deposition seems to be correlated with the extent of the pre-formedlesion. This suggests that the number of sites (crystallite surface) available for calcium phosphate precipitation is an important parameter. However, the rate at which mineral ions are supplied (by saliva) could also be a limiting factor, as is shown in a theoretical analysis of mass-balance of enamel constituents. The few studies that have monitored caries development in time reveal that mineral loss (and also lesion progression in depth) from enamel in situ is linear in time. This is in contrast to results from laboratory findings.

In vitro ruminal fermentation and in situ ruminal degradation of tamarind kernel powder extract residue in wethers

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 966-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Wang ◽  
Kazato Oishi ◽  
Yoshiaki Sato ◽  
Takashi Nakanishi ◽  
Hiroyuki Hirooka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Tamarind Kernel ◽  
Powder Extract

scholarly journals Degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca, proteína y fibra del forraje de morera (Morus alba).

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Carlos Boschini
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Degradation Rates ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Ruminal Degradation ◽  
Ruminal Degradability

The purpose of this study was to determine the ruminal degradability of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and their fractions, contained in regrowth of mulberry at 56, 84 and 112 days. The degradation of leaves, stems and the whole plant was calculated. The potential degradability of these three components diminished as the regrowth aged. The soluble fraction of the dry matter was reduced from 29% to 25% in the leaves and from 27% to 19% in the stems between the 56th and the112th day. The degradable fraction in the stem remained constant (61-63%) on the three measuring days, with ruminal degradation levels of 14%, 10% and 9%/h respectively. In the stem the degradable fraction diminished from 42% to 30% between the 56th and 112th day, with degradation speeds of 8.4%, 6.7 % and 5.3%/h. The soluble crude protein diminished with age from 41% to 33% in the entire plant and the degradable fraction remained constant between 49% and 51%. The degradation rate was higher than 9.4%/h. The neutral detergent fiber had a degradable fraction of 71%, 62% y 43% on the 56th, 84th and 112th day, with degradation rates of 13%, 10% y 9%/h respectively. The degradation of the neutral detergent fiber began in the rumen with a lag time of 1.5 to 3.2 hours.

scholarly journals Endogenous glycosyltransferases glucosylate lipids in flagella of Euglena.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1825-1835 ◽  
Author(s):  
S J Chen ◽  
G B Bouck
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Chloroform Methanol ◽  
Isolated Cell

Flagella, intact deflagellated cells and isolated cell surfaces of the unicell , Euglena were separately assayed for glycosyltransferase activity by incubating these fractions with uridine diphosphate-[3H]glucose and isolating radiolabeled products. Most of the label was incorporated into lipophilic products, soluble in chloroform/methanol, which could be separated via thin layer chromatography or LH-60 chromatography into four distinct classes. The most polar of these products was extracted from flagella and purified by column chromatography for use as an in vitro substrate to identify flagella-associated glycosyltransferases. After flagella were treated with the detergent CHAPS , a soluble fraction was removed that was capable of glycosylation in solution. The glycosyltransferase(s) responsible for this activity were further enriched on sucrose or fructose gradients and ultimately identified on acrylamide gels through the combined use of nondenaturing gels, dial-[3H]uridine diphosphate binding, and fluorography. The enzyme had an apparent monomer molecular weight of 32,000 and consisted of four or fewer subunits. The occurrence of endogenous glycosyltransferase(s) in flagella suggests that modifications and/or assembly of the flagella surface can take place in situ in this organism.

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