scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA’ S AND PAKISTAN’S NUCLEAR DOCTRINES

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Sotnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Political Strategy ◽  
Nuclear Stability ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
Made In

This article offers a discussion and analysis of nuclear doctrine of India and Pakistan and their significance for war, peace and stability in South Asia. The analysis nuclear doctrines of India and Pakistan is also given to show the challenges these states have faced in articulating and implementing a proper nuclear doctrine, and the implications of this for nuclear stability in the region We argue that both the Indian and Pakistani doctrines and postures are problematic from a regional security perspective because they are either ambiguous about how to address crucial deterrence related issues, and/or demonstrate a severe mismatch between the security problems and goals they are designed to deal with, and also the role of nuclear weapons in military and political strategy. Consequently, as both Indian and Pakistani nuclear doctrines and postures evolve, the risks of a spiraling nuclear arms race in the subcontinent are likely to increase without a reassessment of doctrinal issues in New Delhi and Islamabad. A case is made for more clarity and less ambition from both sides in reconsidering of their respective nuclear doctrines. However we believe the barriers in each of these countries can be overcome and there is likelihood of such changes being made in their respective nuclear doctrines at the ease with which they can be made greater in India than in Pakistan.

The Role of Education in Preventing Nuclear War

1984 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Markusen ◽  
John Harris
Keyword(s):  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
Nuclear Arms

Arguing that education should play a crucial role in reducing the threat of nuclear war, Eric Markusen and John B. Harris turn first to history. They examine the role of education in the Holocaust of Nazi Germany and draw a thought-provoking parallel to the role of education in the nuclear arms race. They then discuss aspects of U.S. nuclear weapons policymaking and factors of psychological resistance that have limited citizen participation in decisionmaking. Finally, they explore the potential of education to help prevent nuclear war and describe ways that educators are rising to that challenge.

New ''Cold War''

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
Vladimir Batiuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Nuclear Arms

In this article, the ''Cold War'' is understood as a situation where the relationship between the leading States is determined by ideological confrontation and, at the same time, the presence of nuclear weapons precludes the development of this confrontation into a large-scale armed conflict. Such a situation has developed in the years 1945–1989, during the first Cold War. We see that something similar is repeated in our time-with all the new nuances in the ideological struggle and in the nuclear arms race.

scholarly journals Strategic Uncertainty in Indias Nuclear Doctrine: Collusive Threat, Implications for Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol V (II) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umer Hayat ◽  
Alina Zaid ◽  
Farrukh Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
South Asian ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Strategic Uncertainty ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Security Dilemma ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Military Modernization ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race

Technological advancement in the realm of nuclear weapons has emerged as one of the most salient security issues in the context of two South Asian states, India and Pakistan. Newly emerging India-Pakistan animosities, historical and ongoing power progression of New Delhi distresses Pakistan's security framework. India's endurance of military modernization and stronghold of political leadership under Modi in order to seek power status is shaping distrust for Pakistan as both states assume each other as rival neighbours who raise serious concerns. The nuclear arms race and uncertainties in India's nuclear doctrine has triggered Pakistan's assessment of their security paradigm that has added fire to the already existing security dilemma. Thus, demands and acquires the dire need to discuss loopholes which the article explores about India's intentions regarding Pakistan as well as to certain level with China, Nuclearization implications for Pakistan and how Pakistan should overcome it for its deterrence.

scholarly journals Role of the CSTO in Strengthening Regional Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Rusakovich
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
State University ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Missile Defense ◽  
Military Exercises ◽  
The Military

In 2021, Russia and Belarus are planning to hold a record number of exercises. In particular, large-scale strategic maneuvers "West-2021" will be held on the territory of Belarus. The focus on the western borders is not accidental: according to the military ministers of the two countries, the situation there is not calm. At the level of the CSTO, NATO is active in Eastern Europe in building up the missile defense system and increasing the intensity of military exercises. According to Secretary General of the organization Stanislav Zasya, the confrontational course of the alliance creates dangerous preconditions for a new arms race and the alliance is forced "to take adequate measures. Andrei Rusakovich, professor of Belarussian State University, explained in an interview with Eurasia.Expert why Russia and Belarus are increasing military cooperation and how cooperation within the CSTO fits into these tasks.

Peace, Nonviolence, and Disarmament

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Sharon Erickson Nepstad
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Just War ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Catholic Worker ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Just War Doctrine ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
Plowshares Movement ◽  
Nuclear Arms

This chapter explores the pacifism of the early Christian church and how the conversion of Constantine in the fourth century led to the development of the just war doctrine. At the conclusion of World War II, the advent of the nuclear arms race rendered some aspects of the just war doctrine obsolete. Pope John XXIII addressed these concerns in his encyclical Pacem in Terris, released in 1963. Numerous Catholic peace groups thought that the Vatican did not take a strong enough stance on war, militarism, and nuclear weapons. The Catholic Worker movement called for a return to pacifism and introduced the techniques of nonviolent noncooperation with civil defense drills in the 1950s. The chapter covers other Catholic peace movements and organizations, including Pax Christi, the Catholic Left that opposed the Vietnam War through draft card burnings and draft board raids, and the Plowshares movement, whose members damaged nuclear weapons to obstruct the nuclear arms race. Eventually, the US Catholic Bishops released the pastoral letter The Challenge of Peace, which condemned nuclear weapons and called for disarmament.

Nuclear verification in a Middle East WMD-Free Zone: Lessons from Past Verification Cases and Other Precedents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
National Security ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Mass Destruction ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race

Verification will be of critical importance to achieving and maintaining a Middle East zone free of weapons of mass destruction (ME WMD). Effective verification arrangements would serve a vital national security objective for each state in the region by reducing tensions, removing the motivation to proliferate, and mitigating the risk of a virtual nuclear arms race (or war). In view of the high levels of tension and mistrust within the zone, ensuring effective verification will be especially demanding. The paper examines specific elements of the future nuclear verification of the zone, including: Which states should be included? What prohibitions and obligations should apply in the zone and how would they be verified? How could elimination of nuclear weapons in the zone be achieved? On what basis would the zone treaty enter into force? The paper also examines a number of existing treaties and arrangements as well as the lessons learned from past verification cases which regional states can draw on in developing verification for a Middle East nuclear-weapon-free zone.

How Does the Nuclear Arms Race Work?

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin S. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Arms Races ◽  
State Action ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Armed Service ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race ◽  
Reaction Processes ◽  
Nuclear Arms

Many analysts are convinced that they understand how arms races work. However, very few arms race studies rest upon a disciplined use of historical data, or upon a willingness to consider seriously more than one or two of the more prominent candidates for the role of the driving factor in an arms race. This article suggests that any analysis of the dynamics of the nuclear arms race cannot afford to neglect the operation of the following factors: inter-state action-reaction processes; inter-armed service action-reaction processes; intra-armed service action-reaction processes; bureaucratic political games; the very individual structures and processes of each political system; military-industrial complexities; foreign policy goals and strategies: and finally, technological innovation. Synergistic combinations of the operation of the forementioned factors produce and sustain what we term arms races. Policy prescription for arms control, if it is to be relevant, must rest upon a deep understanding of the processes to be controlled. An appreciation of the true complexity of arms race phenomena is one important intellectual step towards the ability to control.

scholarly journals Nuclear Weapons Before the International Court of Justice: A Critique of the Marshall Islands v United Kingdom Decision

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Devesh Awmee
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Nuclear Disarmament ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
Nuclear Arms Race

The International Court of Justice recently gave judgment in Obligations Concerning Negotiations Relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament. The case concerned three parallel claims brought by the Marshall Islands against India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom for their alleged failure to fulfil obligations concerning negotiations relating to the cessation of the nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament under art VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and customary international law. The Court in all three proceedings dismissed the claims at the preliminary objections phase on the sole ground that a legal dispute did not exist between the parties. In determining whether a legal dispute existed, the Court appears to have deviated from the objective determination taken in its previous jurisprudence by introducing, for the first time, a new requirement of "awareness". The Court also failed to address the other preliminary objections brought by the United Kingdom such as the Monetary Gold principle, which appears to have been a more credible avenue for the Court to dismiss the case. The case illustrates the failure by the Court to yet again confront the issue of nuclear weapons.

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