scholarly journals Socioeconomic Changes in South Arabia in The First Half of The Sixteenth Century.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1166-1182
Author(s):  
Talib A. Gasanov
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
South Arabia ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
The Creation

One of the world’s largest humanitarian crises that have been going on in Yemen for the last ten years has highlighted the growing tensions within its society. To better understand the rising antagonism between the North and the South, it is necessary to analyze the significant historic events that influenced the development of the Yemeni identity. For the inhabitants of South Yemen and Hadramaut, many of such events took place in the first half of the sixteenth century. The following article presents an analysis of these events focusing on the available Yemeni sources, especially the “Tārīkh al-Shiḥr wa akhbār al-qarn al-‘āshir”, the annals by Muḥammad b. ‘Umar al-Ṭayyib Bā Faqīh al-Shiḥrī (d. 17th cent. AD). The comparison of this chronicle with other sources reveals how the clash between Hadramaut, the Portuguese and the Ottoman empires, as well as an attempt by the Kathīrī Sultan Badr Bū Ṭuwairiq to establish a centralized South Arabian state, caused deeper integration of this region into global politics. Ironically, it was the Sultan’s loyalty towards the Ottoman Empire meant to ensure the rise of al-Shihr as one of the main trade centres of the Arabian Peninsula that soon contributed to its decline. Lastly, the sources reflect the spread of firearms that had an impact on the stratification of South Arabian society and gave more power to the tribes, allowing them to subjugate the sultans, thereby preventing the creation of a unified state in the following centuries.

The Greater Middle East

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Reich ◽  
Sanford R. Silverburg ◽  
David Ettinger
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean

Dating back to biblical times, the area we refer to as the Middle East has, throughout the course of history, defied attempts to precisely define it. Until today, the region’s contours remain shrouded in geographic ambiguity. Through the centuries, the Middle East, or parts thereof, has been variously referred to as “Le Orient,” “Proche Orient,” “Anatolia,” “North Africa,” “the Persian Gulf region,” “Arabian Peninsula,” “the Levant,” “the Fertile Crescent,” “Asia Minor,” “the Maghreb,” “Southwest Asia,” “the Caspian region,” and “Greater Middle East.” Merriam-Webster Geographical Dictionary labels it “an indefinite and unofficial term.” Long before being adopted in common parlance, the term “Middle East” was a Western invention used by military strategists and governments in the 19th and 20th centuries to denote areas to the east of western Europe. As part of the Ottoman Empire, it extended from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east, parts of Russia and Hungary to the north, and the Arabian Peninsula to the south. The term “Near East,” often used synonymously, was popularized after the dismantlement of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, referring to the area at the hub of Europe, Africa, and Asia that served as a crossroads and bridge among the three continents and to the various states around the eastern areas of the Mediterranean Sea. After World War II, the geographical demarcation of the Middle East included areas at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, as well as Greece, Turkey, North Africa, and Iran, reflecting the region’s strategic and geopolitical significance in the wake of the Cold War. Although scholars of the area continue to differ in their definitions of the region, this bibliography will focus on the core region generally regarded as the Middle East, bounded by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Egypt to the west, and Yemen to the south. It does not include North Africa, the Sudan, or Central Asia. The first section includes a list of General Overviews and introductory works and those on the region’s Geography, History, Politics, Economics, and International Relations. Important related topics such as Petroleum and Energy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict are also treated. In light of recent developments, we have added the “Arab Spring”. The second section is devoted individually to The Countries of the Middle East. Although the emphasis is on contemporary works, classic titles are included as well, in keeping with the authors’ goal to assist researchers in locating the best works on the region.

The Frontier Strategy

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-271
Author(s):  
Steve Tibble
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Crusader States

This chapter discusses Reynald of Châtillon, lord of the Transjordan, who had made a statement of aggressive intent in 1183 and taunt Saladin in an extremely public and personal way. It describes Reynald as the most persistently belligerent and arrogant of the crusader commanders. It also recounts raid of the Gulf of Aqaba, where Reynald and his Christian crew brought havoc to the unsuspecting sailors and merchants of the Muslim “mare nostrum.” The chapter also talks about the near collapse of the eastern frontiers of the crusader states in the 1160s while the Frankish field armies were trying to take Egypt. It looks into the rise of Saladin and the creation of a new Muslim empire from Yemen and Egypt in the south up to Syria and Mesopotamia in the north, in which the crusaders found themselves surrounded and outnumbered.

scholarly journals Development of Heritage Places under Unesco Guidelines Case Study: Al Maliha Neighbourhood in Riyadh City

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Hind Abdel Moneim Khogali
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Riyadh City ◽  
The North ◽  
Heritage Area

Riyadh, capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is the largest city in the Kingdom. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and is located in the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama and in the center of the Arabian Peninsula, on a vast plateau. Densely populated, with over 5.7 million people, it is the urban center of a region with about 7.3 million people. It consists of 15 municipal districts under the management of Riyadh Municipality, headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Riyadh Development Authority, chaired by the Governor of Riyadh Province.This research aims at dealing with the development of Al Maliha Neighborhood, as a case study of development of heritage places.Al Maliha neighbourhood is located in the center of Riyadh, bounded on the north by AL Jomla Suq and market, in the south by Al Salam garden, in the west by King Fahad Street and in the east by warehouses and a school from the south. There are also old heritage houses in the southeast of the area. The proposed project will develop the old heritage area, re-use it as a Heritage Museum, and demolish the warehouses to establish new galley rooms and Heritage research center.The research methodology will follow the UNESCO regulations and guidelines followed for conservation of heritage places. It will also adopt Riyadh Municipality, and the Riyadh Development Authority regulations for the development of heritage places. The project is proposed for architectural students at level four in Dar Al Uloom University, to be completed within four months and presented for Prince Sultan Award 2006 for Heritage.The aim of the research is to follow the KSA strategy in protecting and maintaining historical places like Al Daraya, old palaces and old mosques. The project will give a proposal study in managing and developing heritage places, by following the UNESCO guideline for heritage places and Riyadh Municipality regulations.The research outlines conclusions and recommendations to decision makers, for application in the development of Al Maliha neighbourhood applied in developing Al Maliha neighbourhood

Notes on the Franciscans in the Huasteca Region of Mexico

1955 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-447
Author(s):  
Joaquín Meade
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

The huasteca region in northeastern Mexico covers sections of the six states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Querétaro. Its boundaries are approximately the following: to the north the river Soto la Marina, known in the sixteenth century as the Rio de las Palmas; to the south the Rio Cazones; to the east the Gulf of Mexico and to the west the mountainous section of the eastern Sierra Madre.The Christian conversion of the Huasteca began, no doubt, in 1518 with the expedition of Juan de Grijalva, who actually sailed as far north as Tuxpan and Tamiahua in the Huastec region of the state of Veracruz. John Diaz, a priest, accompanied this expedition. In 1519 Francisco de Garay, then in Jamaica, sent Alonso Alvarez de Pineda to Tampico and the Río Panuco, where he stayed some time and made contact with the Huastecs who belong to the great Maya family.

The Relations of Great Britain with Guiana

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
G. C. Edmundson
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The South ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
South American Continent

Guiana, in the larger sense of the word, is that portion of the South American continent bounded on the north and north-east by the ocean; on the south, south-west and west by the river Amazon, its tributary the Rio Negro, the river Cassiquiare, which unites the river Negro to the river Orinoco, and by the river Orinoco itself. It is thus an island; as there is no break in the water-line that surrounds it. This larger Guiana is, however, divided into two distinct portions, separated from one another by a series of mountain ranges stretching from the Orinoco to the river Oyapok. That portion, which lies between these mountain ranges and the sea, differs entirely in character from the Guiana of the watersheds of the Amazon and Orinoco. It consists of a succession of tablelands, rising one above the other, and is watered by a large number of nearly parallel rivers, whose cataracts and frequent rapids render navigation into the interior, except by canoes, practically impossible. In this Guiana, the Guiana with which this paper deals, there have never been any Spanish or Portuguese settlements. At the end of the sixteenth century no attempt had been made by the Spaniards to cross the river Orinoco, or by the Portuguese, to reach the mouth of the river Amazon. Between these two rivers lay a terra incognita, of which nothing was known, until the publication of Ralegh's Discoverie of Guiana in 1595.

Custom and Sharī'a in the Bedouin family according to legal documents from the Judaean Desert

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Layish ◽  
Avshalom Shmueli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
The South ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Tribal Society

This paper, by means of original Bedouin documents relating to matters of personal status, attempts to disclose interaction between custom and sharī'a and to illuminate some of the mechanisms tending to complete the islamization of a tribal society in process of sedentarization. The Bedouin dealt with here are a group of tribes in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region: al-Sawāhira (c. 6,000 persons now) east of Jerusalem, al-'Ubaydiyya (c. 5,500) east of Bayt Saḥūr, the 13 al-Ta'āmira tribes (c. 20,000) extending over a sector east of Bayt Saḥūr in the north to Bayt Fajjār in the south, and al-Rashā'ida (c. 500) south-east of Taqū'a. Most of these tribes originate from Ḥijaz and Najd. They appeared in the region in small groups from the sixteenth century and in time developed into tribes, while absorbing local fallāḥs. Their main numerical increase took place in the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Self- Liberation and National Struggle in Yemeni Women's Early Short Stories

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Antelak Mh'd Abdulmalek Al - Mutawakil* Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
Yemen Arab Republic

The first women's short story in the Yemen was published in the South in the 1960 at the beginning of the decade that was to witness national liberation movements in both the South and the North. In the South independence was gained from British colonial control in the 1967 when the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen was formed. During this decade women from the South began to publish short stories. In the North the revolution of 1962 led to the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic, ending the rule of the Imams. But for most of the rest of the decade there was instability and fighting between republican and loyalist forces. Women from the North started to publish short stories in the 1970's . Since then Yemeni women have continued to write and publish their stories in newspaper, magazines and in anthologies1

Bryophyte novelties from the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra Island

Nova Hedwigia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Harald Kürschner ◽  
Wolfgang Frey
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Monsoon Rainfall ◽  
New Records ◽  
Floristic Diversity ◽  
Southwest Asia ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Socotra Island ◽  
Socotra Archipelago

Based on unedited bryophyte collections from the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra Island, six new records of mosses are reported for the area. New to the Arabian Peninsula are Pohlia elongata and Ptychostomum cernuum, the remaining four species are new records for Saudi Arabia, resp. Yemen (mainland) and the Socotra Archipelago. Most interesting is Hymenostylium hildebrandtii from the Makkah-Taif area, indicating the influence of the south-western monsoon rainfall far to the north. All taxa show major range extensions in Southwest Asia and contribute to the floristic diversity of the Arabian Peninsula.

Shipyards

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-58
Author(s):  
Faisal H. Husain
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Naval Warfare ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fluvial Landscape ◽  
Military Revolution

This chapter provides a history of the Ottoman naval fleet in the Tigris-Euphrates basin, referred to as the Shatt River Fleet in Ottoman bureaucratic parlance. In the sixteenth century, the Ottomans established two shipyards at the two ends of the river basin—Birecik in the north and Basra in the south. Both shipyards became the administrative centers for the Ottoman navy operating on the Tigris and Euphrates. Boats of the Shatt River Fleet were fitted with light cannon pieces and played a combat and support role in Ottoman military operations. They cooperated with land forces based in the fortresses to strengthen the Ottoman presence along the eastern frontier. While the literature on naval warfare in the early modern Military Revolution has largely focused on developments taking place at sea, this chapter shows how the Ottoman Empire adapted the latest naval technologies to a fluvial landscape.

Adaptation to Climate Change: Who Pays Whom?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Principles Of Justice

The problem of adaptation to climate change is complex and multifaceted. At its core, however, are two simple questions: what actions should be taken to prevent or reduce harm that will be caused by anthropogenic climate change, and who should pay for those actions that have costs? In this chapter I focus on the latter question, concerning liability for the funding of adaptation. I argue that obligations for funding adaptation are based on ethical principles governing just relationships between individuals in a “life-support commons,” which are essentially the same as the norms of justice governing other forms of harm. Simply, it is wrong to harm others by abusing a commons, and if one does, one owes compensation. In this view, ethics and justice address the rights and responsibilities of individuals; obligations between countries are derivative, based on the aggregate characteristics of their populations, and pragmatic, given the existing state system. Furthermore, liability can be disaggregated in other ways; as I argue, it is equally important that the distribution of liability can be differentiated between classes within nations. A simple quantitative exercise applying these principles of justice to the adaptation problem suggests net liability from the North to the South but also net liability for adaptation from wealthy classes in the South. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) devotes a small but significant amount of attention to adaptation to climate change. Only in the last few years, however, with the creation of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) under the UNFCCC, the creation of an Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the support for the development of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs), have delegates and advocates begun to focus seriously on the problems of adaptation and adaptation funding. Given the disproportionate share of current and past emissions from the industrialized countries of the North and the evidence that the developing countries of the South are more vulnerable to climate damages, almost any plausible interpretation of “common but differentiated responsibilities” implies that the North should shoulder the major part of the costs of adaptation.

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