Custom and Sharī'a in the Bedouin family according to legal documents from the Judaean Desert

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aharon Layish ◽  
Avshalom Shmueli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
The South ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Tribal Society

This paper, by means of original Bedouin documents relating to matters of personal status, attempts to disclose interaction between custom and sharī'a and to illuminate some of the mechanisms tending to complete the islamization of a tribal society in process of sedentarization. The Bedouin dealt with here are a group of tribes in the Jerusalem-Bethlehem region: al-Sawāhira (c. 6,000 persons now) east of Jerusalem, al-'Ubaydiyya (c. 5,500) east of Bayt Saḥūr, the 13 al-Ta'āmira tribes (c. 20,000) extending over a sector east of Bayt Saḥūr in the north to Bayt Fajjār in the south, and al-Rashā'ida (c. 500) south-east of Taqū'a. Most of these tribes originate from Ḥijaz and Najd. They appeared in the region in small groups from the sixteenth century and in time developed into tribes, while absorbing local fallāḥs. Their main numerical increase took place in the twentieth century.

Thefatwāas an instrument of the Islamization of a tribal society in process of sedentarization

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-459
Author(s):  
Aharon Layish
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Classical Sense ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Personal Status ◽  
Tribal Society ◽  
Legal Opinion

Thefatwāis the legal opinion of a jurist not institutionalized in the classical sense: it is intended to elucidate, at the request of an inquirer, the position as to a legal issue; it is not binding on the inquirer or anyone else; unlike the judgement of aqāḍī, it is not enforceable. Thefatwāthat is the object of this paper belongs to a collection of legal documents gathered from tribal arbitrators in the Judean Desert and from the archives ofsharī‘acourts. Those documents deal with various legal matters: personal status, torts (homicide and assault), contracts and property, land, etc.; most date from the twentieth century and some from the last quarter of the nineteenth. The collection has been used in research on the Islamization of tribal society in the Judean Desert in process of sedentarization.

Notes on the Franciscans in the Huasteca Region of Mexico

1955 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-447
Author(s):  
Joaquín Meade
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Conversion ◽  
Far North ◽  
The North ◽  
Sierra Madre ◽  
Northeastern Mexico

The huasteca region in northeastern Mexico covers sections of the six states of Tamaulipas, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo, Puebla, and Querétaro. Its boundaries are approximately the following: to the north the river Soto la Marina, known in the sixteenth century as the Rio de las Palmas; to the south the Rio Cazones; to the east the Gulf of Mexico and to the west the mountainous section of the eastern Sierra Madre.The Christian conversion of the Huasteca began, no doubt, in 1518 with the expedition of Juan de Grijalva, who actually sailed as far north as Tuxpan and Tamiahua in the Huastec region of the state of Veracruz. John Diaz, a priest, accompanied this expedition. In 1519 Francisco de Garay, then in Jamaica, sent Alonso Alvarez de Pineda to Tampico and the Río Panuco, where he stayed some time and made contact with the Huastecs who belong to the great Maya family.

The Relations of Great Britain with Guiana

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
G. C. Edmundson
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The South ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Terra Incognita ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
South American Continent

Guiana, in the larger sense of the word, is that portion of the South American continent bounded on the north and north-east by the ocean; on the south, south-west and west by the river Amazon, its tributary the Rio Negro, the river Cassiquiare, which unites the river Negro to the river Orinoco, and by the river Orinoco itself. It is thus an island; as there is no break in the water-line that surrounds it. This larger Guiana is, however, divided into two distinct portions, separated from one another by a series of mountain ranges stretching from the Orinoco to the river Oyapok. That portion, which lies between these mountain ranges and the sea, differs entirely in character from the Guiana of the watersheds of the Amazon and Orinoco. It consists of a succession of tablelands, rising one above the other, and is watered by a large number of nearly parallel rivers, whose cataracts and frequent rapids render navigation into the interior, except by canoes, practically impossible. In this Guiana, the Guiana with which this paper deals, there have never been any Spanish or Portuguese settlements. At the end of the sixteenth century no attempt had been made by the Spaniards to cross the river Orinoco, or by the Portuguese, to reach the mouth of the river Amazon. Between these two rivers lay a terra incognita, of which nothing was known, until the publication of Ralegh's Discoverie of Guiana in 1595.

The Civil War in American Economic History

2018 ◽  
pp. 370-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Ransom
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Insurmountable Obstacle ◽  
American Economy

This chapter examines the following questions: How did the institution of slavery pose an insurmountable obstacle to sectional compromise? What were the “economic costs” of the war to the North and the South? How did the emancipation of four million slaves impact the American economy? What was the economic legacy of the war? The chapter argues that the war was indeed what Charles and Mary Beard termed a “Second American Revolution.” The presence of the “slave power” defeated all efforts at compromise. The wartime expenditures and loss of 750,000 men placed an economic burden that lasted into the twentieth century. Emancipation and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865 were the enduring accomplishments of the war.

scholarly journals The Great Migration and Residential Segregation in American Cities during the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Leibbrand ◽  
Catherine Massey ◽  
J. Trent Alexander ◽  
Katie R. Genadek ◽  
Stewart Tolnay
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
The South ◽  
Racial Residential Segregation ◽  
The North ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
The Individual ◽  
American Cities

ABSTRACTThe Great Migration from the South and the rise of racial residential segregation strongly shaped the twentieth-century experience of African Americans. Yet, little attention has been devoted to how the two phenomena were linked, especially with respect to the individual experiences of the migrants. We address this gap by using novel data that links individual records from the complete-count 1940 Census to those in the 2000 Census long form, in conjunction with information about the level of racial residential segregation in metropolitan areas in 1940 and 2000. We first consider whether migrants from the South and their children experienced higher or lower levels of segregation in 1940 relative to their counterparts who were born in the North or who remained in the South. Next, we extend our analysis to second-generation Great Migration migrants and their segregation outcomes by observing their location in 2000. Additionally, we assess whether second-generation migrants experience larger decreases in their exposure to segregation as their socioeconomic status increases relative to their southern and/or northern stayer counterparts. Our study significantly advances our understanding of the Great Migration and the “segregated century.”

The British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project

Iraq ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanette C. Fincke
Keyword(s):  
Short Description ◽  
The South ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The North ◽  
South West

The purpose of the British Museum's Ashurbanipal Library Project is to investigate the content of the significant tablet collection that this Assyrian king assembled for his royal library. The initial project is focused on the Babylonian texts in order to establish the compositions involved and their relation to the rest of the Kouyunjik Collection and to the collecting activities of Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC).The examination of the Babylonian texts of Ashurbanipal's library is a difficult task. Whoever is familiar with the Nineveh texts knows that the tablets were originally stored in four different buildings (see Fig. 1): in the South-West Palace, in the North Palace, and in the vicinity of the temples of Ištar and Nabû, with some additional find spots on and off the mound Kouyunjik. It is the tablet collection of the South-West Palace that formed the library of Ashurbanipal, but the excavation reports of Nineveh very seldom refer to the places where the tablets were found. To reconstruct the different libraries and archives is a very time-consuming task and beyond the possibilities of the six-month timetable for this project. Therefore, for the time being, I decided to consider the Babylonian literary tablets and all legal documents written during the reign of Ashurbanipal and his predecessors as coming from one place, namely Ashurbanipal's library or libraries at Nineveh.While surveying the approximate figure of 26,000 tablets and fragments that the British excavators unearthed in Nineveh I entered the genre and content of the Babylonian texts in a database, together with a short description of the fragments, e.g. shape, colour, number of columns, lines and dividing lines. This database includes information on about 4290 tablets and fragments, of which 610 have already been rejoined to other fragments. Therefore, until now, the total number of Babylonian texts and fragments excavated in Nineveh is about 3680 — or in other words about one-seventh of all of the British Museum's Nineveh collection. The database I created also serves as a basis for collecting all texts of the same kind in order to identify joining fragments.

Natievorming onder Willem I. Een blik op de historiografie

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-171
Author(s):  
Els Witte
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
The South ◽  
Nation Formation ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
The North ◽  
The Many

 Om de historici en andere humane wetenschappers die over natievorming tijdens het Verenigd Koninkrijk (1815-1830) schrijven, van elkaars werk beter op de hoogte te brengen, schetst de auteur een overzicht van de productie in noord en zuid sinds het midden van de twintigste eeuw.Ze neemt zowel de Nederlandse als de Belgische auteurs in dit overzicht op. Ze onderscheidt daarbij drie periodes : de werken die thuishoren in de ‘voorgeschiedenis’, de productie die tot stand komt onder invloed van de meer sociaaleconomisch en sociaalpolitiek georiënteerde ‘nieuwe’ geschiedenis en tot slot blijft ze stil staan bij de talrijke werken die in de recentere ‘cultural’ en ‘linguistic turn’ thuishoren.________Nation Formation during the reign of William I. A survey of the historiographyThe author provides an overview of the books and articles that have been written in the North and the South since the middle of the twentieth century in order to better inform historians and other scholars of social sciences dealing with nation formation during the Kingdom of the United Netherlands (1815-1830) of each other’s work.She includes both Dutch and Belgian authors in this survey. She distinguishes three periods in her survey: the literature that belongs to the ‘prehistory’, the literature that was the result of the ‘new’ history with a more socio-economic and socio-political orientation and finally she dwells upon the many books that belong to the more recent ‘cultural’ and ‘linguistic turn’.   

Cultures in conflict in late sixteenth-century Kerry: the parallel worlds of a Tudor intellectual and Gaelic poets

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (144) ◽  
pp. 483-501
Author(s):  
Marc Caball
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural Dissonance ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Anglo Norman ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
The Government ◽  
Territorial Division

Demarcated to the north by the Shannon and its estuary and to the south by the Kenmare river and the Caha mountains, the south-western territories of Kerry and Desmond provide a microcosm of the tensions and interactions characteristic of early modern Ireland. Although historically divided into roughly two corresponding halves representing the outcome of thirteenth-century Gaelic/Anglo-Norman conflict, the area approximating to the modern administrative division of Kerry was defined by Gaelic cultural ascendancy and by the similar (though differing in scale) seigneurial ambitions of successive Fitzgerald and MacCarthy magnates. Significantly, a territorial division configured along ethnic lines was not replicated at a cultural level, where a remarkable level of homogeneity prevailed in terms of the currency of Gaelic language and literature. However, the defeat and execution of the fourteenth earl of Desmond and the distribution of his lands among English settlers under the auspices of the government-sponsored Munster plantation inaugurated profound political, social and religious turmoil in the province. In Kerry, also, consolidation of the New English military, social and legal presence in the wake of the redistribution of the earl of Desmond’s lands precipitated levels of political and cultural dissonance unparalleled since the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

The Indian Population of Southern Guatemala, 1549-1551: An Analysis of López de Cerrato's Tasaciones de Tributos

1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 459-477
Author(s):  
W. George Lovell ◽  
Christopher H. Lutz ◽  
William R. Swezey
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central America ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
The South ◽  
Administrative Authority ◽  
Spatial Component ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The City

The tasaciones de tributos compiled between 1548 and 1554 under the supervision of Alonso López de Cerrato have long been recognized as the most important tribute documentation extant for mid sixteenth-century Central America, being of particular interest to all those whose inquiries have focussed on various aspects of the economy and demography of regions stretching from Chiapas and Yucatán in the north to Honduras and Nicaragua in the south. For the purpose of this paper, we wish to concentrate simply on one spatial component of the Libro de tasaciones forming part of the celebrated legajo 128, a rich set of documents housed in the Archivo General de Indias in the section of the archive classified as the Audiencia de Guatemala: that spatial component referred to by contemporary Spanish officials as “los términos y jurisdictión de la ciudad de Santiago de Guatemala,” that is, the territory which in early colonial times fell under the administrative authority of the city of Santiago.

XX.—Some Notes on the Heraldic Glass in Great Malvern Priory Church

Archaeologia ◽  
1901 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-358
Author(s):  
Roland W. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
South Side ◽  
The North ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Henry Vii

In the latter half of the fifteenth century great changes took place in the fabric of the priory church at Great Malvern, and by the beginning of the sixteenth century it had been transformed from what was largely, if not entirely, a Norman church to one of Perpendicular character. With the exception of a doorway on the south side of the nave, the nave arcade, and the bases of the piers that support the central tower, there are no evidences of work prior to the alteration. To this rebuilding both Richard III. and Henry VII. are said to have contributed, the west window of the nave is said to have been the gift of the former and the north window of the transept that of the latter, besides a very long list of benefactors, members of well-known families of the day, local and otherwise; and it is therefore not surprising that even in its present comparatively mutilated state the decorative work in this church is among the finest in England of its date, and the glass and encaustic tiles practically unsurpassed for beauty and interest.

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