A 2-fold higher rate of intraventricular hemorrhage–related mortality in African American neonates and infants

Object Despite the recognition of racial or ethnic differences in preterm gestation, such differences in the rate of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), frequently associated with preterm gestation, are not well studied. The authors performed the current study to identify racial or ethnic differences in the incidence of IVH-related mortality within the national population of the US. Methods Using the ICD-10 codes P52.0, P52.1, P52.2, P52.3, and P10.2 and the Multiple Cause of Death data from 2000 to 2009, the authors identified all IVH-related mortalities that occurred in neonates and infants aged less than 1 year. The live births for whites and African Americans from the census for 2000–2009 were used to derive the incidence of IVH-related mortality for whites and African Americans per 100,000 live births. The IVH rate ratio (RR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) and annual percent change (APC) in the incidence rates from 2000 to 2009 were also calculated. Results A total of 3249 IVH-related mortality cases were reported from 2000 to 2009. The incidence rates of IVH were higher among African American infants (16 per 100,000 live births) than among whites (7.8 per 100,000 live births). African American infants had a 2-fold higher risk of IVH-related mortality compared with whites (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.2). The rate of increase over the last 10 years was less in African American infants (APC 1.6%) than in white infants (APC 4.3%). Conclusions The rate of IVH-related mortality is 2-fold higher among African American than white neonates and infants. Further studies are required to understand the underlying reasons for this prominent disparity in one of the most significant causes of infant mortality.

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Prostate Cancer Incidence Rates in Africa

Prostate Cancer ◽

10.1155/2011/947870 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Lisa W. Chu ◽

Jamie Ritchey ◽

Susan S. Devesa ◽

Sabah M. Quraishi ◽

Hongmei Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Cancer Incidence ◽

African American Men ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

International Agency ◽

Prostate Cancer Incidence ◽

Cancer Incidence Rates

African American men have among the highest prostate cancer incidence rates in the world yet rates among their African counterparts are unclear. In this paper, we compared reported rates among black men of Sub-Saharan African descent using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program for 1973–2007. Although population-based data in Africa are quite limited, the available data from IARC showed that rates among blacks were highest in the East (10.7–38.1 per 100,000 man-years, age-adjusted world standard) and lowest in the West (4.7–19.8). These rates were considerably lower than those of 80.0–195.3 observed among African Americans. Rates in Africa increased over time (1987–2002) and have been comparable to those for distant stage in African Americans. These patterns are likely due to differences between African and African American men in medical care access, screening, registry quality, genetic diversity, and Westernization. Incidence rates in Africa will likely continue to rise with improving economies and increasing Westernization, warranting the need for more high-quality population-based registration to monitor cancer incidence in Africa.

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Racial/ethnic differences in the birth prevalence of congenital anomalies in the United States

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2013-0344 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Alexander Egbe ◽

Simon Lee ◽

Deborah Ho ◽

Santosh Uppu ◽

Shubhika Srivastava

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Congenital Anomalies ◽

Lower Risk ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

Social Differences ◽

Birth Prevalence ◽

Live Births ◽

Racial Ethnic

AbstractThis work aimed to analyze a single large representative population to determine racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of congenital anomalies (CA).This is a population-based comprehensive analysis of racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of CA diagnoses. We reviewed all live births in the 2008 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database and determined the birth prevalence of 55 selected CA diagnoses in Caucasians. We then calculated the relative risk of these CA diagnoses in African American, Hispanics, and Asians relative to Caucasians.Overall CA prevalence was 29.2 per 1000 in a cohort of 1,048,252 live births, of which 51% were Caucasians. Compared with Caucasians, risk of overall CA was lower in African Americans (RR=0.9, CI: 0.8–0.9) and Hispanics (RR=0.9, CI: 0.8–0.9). Risk of overall CA was similar in Caucasians and Asians. Relative to the Caucasians, African Americans had lower risk of cardiac, genitourinary, and craniofacial CA but higher risk of musculoskeletal anomalies. Hispanics had lower risk of genitourinary and gastrointestinal CA. Asians had higher risk of craniofacial and musculoskeletal CA.Observed racial/ethnic differences in risk of CA may be related to genetic susceptibilities, cultural or social differences that could modify exposures, or many potential combinations between susceptibilities and exposures.

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Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/s10552-021-01416-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mike Wenzel ◽

Luigi Nocera ◽

Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽

Christoph Würnschimmel ◽

Zhe Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Histological Subtype ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Male And Female ◽

Percent Change ◽

Log Linear ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose We assessed contemporary incidence rates and trends of primary urethral cancer. Methods We identified urethral cancer patients within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry (SEER, 2004–2016). Age-standardized incidence rates per 1,000,000 (ASR) were calculated. Log linear regression analyses were used to compute average annual percent change (AAPC). Results From 2004 to 2016, 1907 patients with urethral cancer were diagnosed (ASR 1.69; AAPC: -0.98%, p = 0.3). ASR rates were higher in males than in females (2.70 vs. 0.55), respectively and did not change over the time (both p = 0.3). Highest incidence rates were recorded in respectively ≥75 (0.77), 55–74 (0.71) and ≤54 (0.19) years of age categories, in that order. African Americans exhibited highest incidence rate (3.33) followed by Caucasians (1.72), other race groups (1.57) and Hispanics (1.57), in that order. A significant decrease occurred over time in Hispanics, but not in other race groups. In African Americans, male and female sex-stratified incidence rates were higher than in any other race group. Urothelial histological subtype exhibited highest incidence rate (0.92), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (0.41), adenocarcinoma (0.29) and other histologies (0.20). In stage stratified analyses, T1N0M0 stage exhibited highest incidence rate. However, it decreased over time (−3.00%, p = 0.02) in favor of T1-4N1-2M0 stage (+ 2.11%, p = 0.02). Conclusion Urethral cancer is rare. Its incidence rates are highest in males, elderly patients, African Americans and in urothelial histological subtype. Most urethral cancer cases are T1N0M0, but over time, the incidence of T1N0M0 decreased in favor of T1-4N1-2M0.

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Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer

10.21203/rs.3.rs-223692/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mike Wenzel ◽

Luigi Nocera ◽

Claudia Collà Ruvolo ◽

Christoph Würnschimmel ◽

Zhe Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Histological Subtype ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Percent Change ◽

Log Linear ◽

Incident Cases ◽

Over Time

Abstract Purpose: We assessed contemporary incidence rates and trends of primary urethral cancer. Methods: We identified urethral cancer patients within Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry (SEER, 2004–2016). Age-standardized incidence rates per 1,000,000 (ASR) were calculated. Log linear regression analyses were used to compute average annual percent change (AAPC). Results: From 2004–2016, 1,907 patients with urethral cancer were diagnosed (ASR 1.69; AAPC: -0.98%, p = 0.3). ASR rates were higher in males than in females (2.70 vs. 0.55), respectively and did not change over the time (both p = 0.3). Highest incidence rates were recorded in respectively ≥ 75 (0.77), 55–74 (0.71) and ≤ 54 (0.19) years of age categories, in that order. African Americans exhibited highest incidence rate (3.33) followed by Caucasians (1.72), other race groups (1.57) and Hispanics (1.57), in that order. A significant decrease occurred over time in Hispanics, but not in other race groups. In African Americans, male and female sex-stratified incidence rates were higher than in any other race group. Urothelial histological subtype exhibited highest incidence rate (0.92), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (0.41), adenocarcinoma (0.29) and other histologies (0.20). In stage stratified analyses, T1N0M0 stage exhibited highest incidence rate. However, it decreased over time (-3.00%, p = 0.02) in favor of T1 − 4N1 − 2M0 stage (+ 2.11%, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Urethral cancer is rare. Its incidence rates are highest in males, elderly patients, African Americans and in urothelial histological subtype. Most incident cases are T1N0M0, but over time, the incidence of T1N0M0 decreased in favor of T1 − 4N1 − 2M0.

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Disproportionate COVID-19 Related Mortality Amongst African Americans in Four Southern States in the United States

10.1101/2020.06.08.20124297 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nicole Betson ◽

Anirban Maitra

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

The United States ◽

Health Conditions ◽

African American Community ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Southern States ◽

Percent Change ◽

Related Mortality

AbstractBackgroundAfrican Americans have been severely affected by COVID-19 noted with the rising mortality rates within the African American community. Health disparities, health inequities and issues with systemic health access are some of the pre-existing issues African Americans were subjected to within the southern states in the United States. Second, social distancing is a critical non-pharmacological intervention to reduce the spread of COVID-19. However, social distancing was not practical and presented a challenge within the African American community, specifically, in the southern states.ObjectiveThis article assesses the effect of COVID-19 on African Americans in the southern states.MethodologyThis short communication queried the publicly available Department of Health statistics on COVID-19 related mortality and underlying health conditions in four southern states (Alabama [AL], Georgia [GA], Louisiana [LA] and Mississippi [MS]) with a high proportion of African American residents. Second, the unacast COVID-19 toolkit was used to derive a social distancing (SD) grade for any given state, based on three different metrics: (i) percent change in average distance travelled (ii) percent change in non-essential visits and (iii) decrease in human encounters (compared to national baseline).ResultsAcross the four states, on average, as many as 54% of COVID-19 related deaths are in the African American community, although this minority group comprises only 32% of the population cumulatively. This article finds that all four southern states received a social distancing grade of F. COVID-19 have demonstrated that adverse outcomes are higher in individuals with underlying health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, or pre-existing pulmonary compromise.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has exposed racial disparities in our healthcare system that disproportionately impacts African Americans within the four states of the southern United States. In addition, the lack of diversity in the healthcare system likely impacts this disproportionate impact on African American communities because it is not able to address its primary obligations within minority communities. Recognizing that there is a great need for African American representation or diversity in the health workforce would be able to better address the health disparities.

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Abstract P112: Thirty-year Trends in the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p112 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Kunali P Ghelani ◽

Lin Yee Y Chen ◽

Faye L Norby ◽

Elsayed Z SOLIMAN ◽

Silvia Koton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽

Time Period ◽

The Us ◽

Atherosclerosis Risk ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

Objective: To evaluate the 30-year trends in the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort and identify race and sex differences in these trends. Background: Long-term data to study recent trends in the incidence of AF, overall and across sex and race groups, are scarce. Methods: We included 15,343 men and women aged 45 to 65 in 1987-89 without AF from 4 US communities in the ARIC cohort. Incident AF was identified based on study electrocardiograms, hospital discharge codes, and death certificates through 2017. We calculated age and time-period specific incidence rates (IR) of AF. We used Poisson regression to calculate IR ratios of AF over time adjusting for age, sex and race. Results: A total of 3,241 AF cases were identified during a mean (SD) follow up of 22 (8.4) years (599 in African Americans, 2642 in whites, 1582 in women, 1659 in men). Overall, the IR of AF in the ARIC cohort was 9.6 per 1000 person-years (6.9 in African American, 10.5 in whites, 8.1 in women, and 11.6 in men). Age-specific IR by time-period did not show significant changes over time (Figure). In a model adjusted for sex, race, and age group, the rate of AF did not change over time from 1987-1991 to 2012-2017 (IR ratio=1.10, 95% CI = 0.89-1.36 comparing 2012-2017 to 1987-1991). Similarly, no evidence of changes over time in AF rates were identified in men or women, whites or African Americans separately. Conclusions: Even though the incident rates of AF increase as age increases, our analysis provided evidence suggesting that the overall rates of AF have not changed over time in a multicenter cohort of African American and white individuals in the US from 1987 to 2017.

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Racial/Ethnic Differences in Physiological Stress and Relapse among Treatment Seeking Tobacco Smokers

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16173090 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (17) ◽

pp. 3090

Author(s):

Monica Webb Hooper

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Physiological Stress ◽

Treatment Seeking ◽

Cortisol Levels ◽

The One ◽

Racial Ethnic ◽

Relapse Rates

Stress is robustly associated with tobacco smoking and relapse. African Americans experience greater difficulty quitting compared to whites, yet no studies have examined race differences in physiological stress biomarkers during a quit attempt. This pilot study compared cortisol levels among treatment-seeking African American and white smokers, and relapse rates. Adult smokers (N = 115; n = 72 African American, n = 43 White) received eight sessions of group cognitive behavioral therapy plus transdermal nicotine patches. Assessments included demographics, salivary cortisol (collected at session 1, the end-of-therapy [EOT], and one-month post-therapy), and carbon monoxide-verified smoking relapse. Overall, cortisol levels declined over the course of the day at baseline, the EOT, and the one-month follow-up. African Americans exhibited lower cortisol levels compared to Whites at baseline and the EOT, but not at the one-month follow-up. In addition, African American smokers exhibited flatter slopes compared to Whites at each time point. Relapse rates were greater among African Americans at the EOT and one-month follow-up. The attenuated cortisol pattern observed in African Americans may indicate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) exhaustion and aid our understanding of tobacco-related disparities. There is a need to focus on stress mechanisms and specific intervention approaches in order to eliminate racial/ethnic differences.

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More Shadow than Substance

10.23943/princeton/9780691159010.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Leah Wright Rigueur

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

African Americans ◽

Substance P ◽

National Committee ◽

Party Leaders ◽

Political Ideas ◽

Black Republicans ◽

State And Local ◽

American Party ◽

Local Party

This chapter studies how, as the 1970s progressed, black Republicans were able to claim clear victories in their march toward equality: the expansion of the National Black Republican Council (NBRC); the incorporation of African Americans into the Republican National Committee (RNC) hierarchy; scores of black Republicans integrating state and local party hierarchies; and individual examples of black Republican success. African American party leaders could even point to their ability to forge a consensus voice among the disparate political ideas of black Republicans. Despite their ideological differences, they collectively rejected white hierarchies of power, demanding change for blacks both within the Grand Old Party (GOP) and throughout the country. Nevertheless, black Republicans quickly realized that their strategy did not reform the party institution.

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Neural and sociocultural mediators of ethnic differences in pain

10.26686/wgtn.12431009.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

EAR Losin ◽

CW Woo ◽

NA Medina ◽

JR Andrews-Hanna ◽

Hedwig Eisenbarth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Ethnic Differences ◽

Nociceptive Pain ◽

Common Belief ◽

Pain Mechanisms ◽

Thermal Pain ◽

Heat Effects ◽

Pain Report ◽

And Gender ◽

Ethnicity And Gender

© 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited. Understanding ethnic differences in pain is important for addressing disparities in pain care. A common belief is that African Americans are hyposensitive to pain compared to Whites, but African Americans show increased pain sensitivity in clinical and laboratory settings. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. We studied an ethnicity- and gender-balanced sample of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites using functional magnetic resonance imaging during thermal pain. Higher pain report in African Americans was mediated by discrimination and increased frontostriatal circuit activations associated with pain rating, discrimination, experimenter trust and extranociceptive aspects of pain elsewhere. In contrast, the neurologic pain signature, a neuromarker sensitive and specific to nociceptive pain, mediated painful heat effects on pain report largely similarly in African American and other groups. Findings identify a brain basis for higher pain in African Americans related to interpersonal context and extranociceptive central pain mechanisms and suggest that nociceptive pain processing may be similar across ethnicities.

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