Application of Quantitative Analysis of Groundwater Effluent and Rservoir-water Influent using Radon- and Water-Balance Equations to a small-scale pond

AbstractWe present an assessment of the extent, diversity, and nutritional contribution of the milpa through a quantitative analysis of data from a survey conducted in 989 small scale farm households in the Western Highlands of Guatemala (WHG). The milpa is a traditional agricultural system in which maize is intercropped with other species, such as common beans, faba beans, squashes or potatoes. Our study shows that more than two-thirds of the 1,205 plots recorded were under the milpa system, with a great diversity of crop combinations. As shown with the 357 plots for which specific yields were available, milpa systems present higher total productivity than monocropped maize, expressed as total energy yield of the harvested crops in the respective system, and were also better at providing the recommended daily allowances of fourteen essential nutrients, based on a Potential Nutrient Adequacy (PNA) indicator. Maize-bean-potato, maize-potato, and maize-bean-faba intercrops had the highest PNAs, and monocropped maize, the lowest. These results support the implementation of milpa systems tailored to different agro-ecologies in order to improve nutrition in the WHG and a variety of similar regions.

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Using a Groundwater Adjusted Water Balance Approach and Copulas to Evaluate Spatial Patterns and Dependence Structures in Remote Sensing Derived Evapotranspiration Products

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 853

Author(s):

Mohsen Soltani ◽

Julian Koch ◽

Simon Stisen

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Water Balance ◽

Spatial Pattern ◽

Spatial Patterns ◽

Principal Component ◽

Small Scale ◽

Dependence Structure ◽

Test Case ◽

Catchment Scale ◽

Balance Approach

This study aims to improve the standard water balance evapotranspiration (WB ET) estimate, which is typically used as benchmark data for catchment-scale ET estimation, by accounting for net intercatchment groundwater flow in the ET calculation. Using the modified WB ET approach, we examine errors and shortcomings associated with the long-term annual mean (2002–2014) spatial patterns of three remote-sensing (RS) MODIS-based ET products from MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB algorithms at 1 km spatial resolution over Denmark, as a test case for small-scale, energy-limited regions. Our results indicate that the novel approach of adding groundwater net in water balance ET calculation results in a more trustworthy ET spatial pattern. This is especially relevant for smaller catchments where groundwater net can be a significant component of the catchment water balance. Nevertheless, large discrepancies are observed both amongst RS ET datasets and compared to modified water balance ET spatial pattern at the national scale; however, catchment-scale analysis highlights that difference in RS ET and WB ET decreases with increasing catchment size and that 90%, 87%, and 93% of all catchments have ∆ET < ±150 mm/year for MODIS16, PML_V2, and TSEB, respectively. In addition, Copula approach captures a nonlinear structure of the joint relationship with multiple densities amongst the RS/WB ET products, showing a complex dependence structure (correlation); however, among the three RS ET datasets, MODIS16 ET shows a closer spatial pattern to the modified WB ET, as identified by a principal component analysis also. This study will help improve the water balance approach by the addition of groundwater net in the ET estimation and contribute to better understand the true correlations amongst RS/WB ET products especially over energy-limited environments.

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Assessing the water balance in the Sahel: Impact of small scale rainfall variability on runoff. Part 2: Idealized modeling of runoff sensitivity

Journal of Hydrology ◽

10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 333 (2-4) ◽

pp. 340-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Théo Vischel ◽

Thierry Lebel

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Small Scale ◽

Idealized Modeling

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On vortex air motions above an axisymmetric source of mass, momentum and heat

Journal of Fluid Mechanics ◽

10.1017/s0022112095002527 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 290 ◽

pp. 299-317

Author(s):

Y. A. Berezin ◽

K. Hutter

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Nonlinear Differential Equations ◽

Azimuthal Velocity ◽

Small Scale ◽

Ambient Atmosphere ◽

Plume Dispersion ◽

Governing Equations ◽

Balance Equations ◽

Velocity Pressure ◽

Polytropic Atmosphere

We study axisymmetric plume dispersion from a steady source of mass, momentum and/or heat that is subjected to either a time-dependent large-scale external vortex or small-scale turbulent axisymmetric helicity. On the basis of the turbulent boundary layer and Boussinesq assumptions and by assuming similarity profiles with Gaussian distribution in the radial direction the balance equations of mass, momentum, and energy reduce to a system of nonlinear differential equations for amplitude functions of axial velocity, pressure and density differences as well as azimuthal velocity. The system of equations is closed with Taylor's entrainment assumption.The plume radius and the typical radius of the large-scale external vortex are also determined. For a simple density structure of the ambient atmosphere (i.e. adiabatic conditions) analytical results can be obtained, but for more complicated cases, i.e. a layered polytropic atmosphere, the governing equations are examined numerically; computations are reasonably simple and efficient.

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Quantitative Analysis of Human Platelet Adhesions Under a Small-Scale Flow Device

Artificial Organs ◽

10.1111/j.1525-1594.2009.00862.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katsuko S. Furukawa ◽

Keigo Nakamura ◽

Yuji Onimura ◽

Masaki Uchida ◽

Atsuo Ito ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Human Platelet ◽

Small Scale ◽

Flow Device

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GIS-based, python modeling of the spatial and temporal distribution of water on the landscape for wetlands decision making

10.32469/10355/78166 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Zhentao Wang

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Balance ◽

Water Surface ◽

Overland Flow ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Water Volume ◽

Small Scale ◽

Time Step ◽

Simulated Precipitation

Wetlands provide many benefits for humans and the natural environment, but land use changes have reduced their number and areal extent. Interest has grown in examining surface water distribution both spatially and temporally, which help to determine those locations for which there is the greatest priority for wetland preservation or mitigation. This research first proposes a methodology to support that examination through the application of open channel hydraulics principles to flow over a landscape. The methodology, implemented through a Python script, automatically extracts landscape characteristics from a DEM and calculates hydraulic parameters. The parameters are used to determine water surface profiles using the Modified Euler's method. Multiple tests show that the script accurately produces profiles of flow between wetlands over a landscape. Such determinations are the first step in understanding where water will exist on the surface and where there may be infiltration to support wetland functions. Furthermore, a water balance methodology (where water will exist, how much will be there and for what period of time) is developed and demonstrated that focuses on small depressions, as locations where conservation efforts to create or regenerate wetlands may be achievable. Integral to this analysis is a detailed treatment of depressions in the landscape. Utilizing a digital elevation model, the methodology incorporates a cell-by-cell analysis to appropriately capture small-scale processes. Instead of treating these vital depressions as errors or being insignificant to the water balance calculations, they are retained. Flow direction is dynamically determined by the land surface and water characteristics. With potentially shallow flow in depressions, the use of Manning's equation incorporates stratified flow where differing values of Manning's n describe flow through and above vegetation. This real-time overland runoff model based on a short time step is implemented through a Python code using ArcGIS. Exercises on an artificial DEM with simulated precipitation demonstrate the ability of the model to accurately represent hydraulics principles. Simulations of two field sites over a period of a year, and incorporating precipitation, infiltration and evapotranspiration, demonstrate the ability to track water surface locations and extents with an accuracy necessary for decision making. Additionally, this research optimizes the Green Ampt infiltration model which allows for the calculation of infiltration rates with unsteady rainfall and then couples this Modified Green Ampt (MGA) model with a previously developed Dynamic Flow Direction (DFD) model to simulate overland flow. To test the accuracy of the improvements, results show shorter times to ponding, smaller total infiltration at the time of ponding and larger total infiltration with this Modified Green Ampt (MGA) model as compared with the results with a Traditional Green Ampt (TGA) model. Additionally, coupled with the DFD model, the MGA model takes surface water movement into consideration. The total water volume on the landscape with MGA is less than predicted by the TGA. Additionally, the inundation area is deeper than 0.05 m with MGA and is also smaller than the result with the TGA.

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Disorders of water balance following sellar and suprasellar surgeries: Patterns, determinants and utility of quantitative analysis

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.4103/ijem.ijem_647_17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

PraveenValliyaparambil Pavithran ◽

SonuKalappurakkal Simon ◽

AldyneReena Asirvatham ◽

R Ayyadurai ◽

A Parasuram

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Water Balance

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Development of Science Literature Instruments Contained Ethnoscience in Science Subject for Class IV Elementary School Students

International Journal of Research and Review ◽

10.52403/ijrr.20210954 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 423-435

Author(s):

Nur khairiyatul Mar’ah ◽

Ani Rusilowati ◽

Eko Purwanti

Keyword(s):

Elementary School ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Scientific Literacy ◽

Large Scale ◽

Multiple Choice ◽

Difficulty Level ◽

Small Scale ◽

Science Literature ◽

Level Of Difficulty ◽

Science Subject

This study aimed to produce scientific literacy instruments containing ethnoscience for grade IV elementary school on science subject theme number 9 "Kayanya Negeriku" which is valid, reliable, feasible, and practical. This research method used R&D research with ADDIE research design (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The steps developed include design, expert validation, small-scale trials, and large-scale trials. The instrument developed is a reasoned multiple choice instrument. The data collection technique in this development research was a test (multiple choice) and a practicality questionnaire. The results of the validation of scientific literacy instruments containing ethnoscience are valid, the reliability value during small-scale trials was 0.671 and when large-scale trials were 0.711 these values indicate the instrument is reliable. The differentiating power of small-scale questions obtained 20 multiple-choice questions for grade IV elementary school, there were 10 items received, 2 items were accepted but needed to be corrected, and 8 items were corrected. The analysis of large-scale discrepancy from 20 questions contained 11 items for the criteria for the items to be accepted, 3 items were accepted but needed to be corrected, and 6 items were corrected. Testing results of the difficulty level gained the results of quantitative analysis on a small scale for the level of difficulty of the questions stated that, as many as 2 questions with easy criteria, 13 questions with medium criteria and 5 questions with difficult criteria. While the results of quantitative analysis on a large scale for the level of difficulty of the questions stated that, as many as 3 items with difficult criteria, 17 questions with moderate criteria and for easy criteria were not found in large-scale trials. The practicality of the instrument can be decided based on the percentage of practicality. The percentage obtained from the teacher's assessment is in very practical criteria. Keywords: Development, Instrument, Science Literacy, Ethnoscience.

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Testing the Robustness of a Physically-Based Hydrological Model in Two Data Limited Inland Valley Catchments in Dano, Burkina Faso

Hydrology ◽

10.3390/hydrology7030043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Mouhamed Idrissou ◽

Bernd Diekkrüger ◽

Bernhard Tischbein ◽

Boubacar Ibrahim ◽

Yacouba Yira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Water Balance ◽

Burkina Faso ◽

Hydrological Model ◽

Model Performance ◽

Surface Flow ◽

Small Scale ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Inland Valley ◽

Physically Based

This study investigates the robustness of the physically-based hydrological model WaSiM (water balance and flow simulation model) for simulating hydrological processes in two data sparse small-scale inland valley catchments (Bankandi-Loffing and Mebar) in Burkina Faso. An intensive instrumentation with two weather stations, three rain recorders, 43 piezometers, and one soil moisture station was part of the general effort to reduce the scarcity of hydrological data in West Africa. The data allowed us to successfully parameterize, calibrate (2014–2015), and validate (2016) WaSiM for the Bankandi-Loffing catchment. Good model performance concerning discharge in the calibration period (R2 = 0.91, NSE = 0.88, and KGE = 0.82) and validation period (R2 = 0.82, NSE = 0.77, and KGE = 0.57) was obtained. The soil moisture (R2 = 0.7, NSE = 0.7, and KGE = 0.8) and the groundwater table (R2 = 0.3, NSE = 0.2, and KGE = 0.5) were well simulated, although not explicitly calibrated. The spatial transposability of the model parameters from the Bankandi-Loffing model was investigated by applying the best parameter-set to the Mebar catchment without any recalibration. This resulted in good model performance in 2014–2015 (R2 = 0.93, NSE = 0.92, and KGE = 0.84) and in 2016 (R2 = 0.65, NSE = 0.64, and KGE = 0.59). This suggests that the parameter-set achieved in this study can be useful for modeling ungauged inland valley catchments in the region. The water balance shows that evaporation is more important than transpiration (76% and 24%, respectively, of evapotranspiration losses) and the surface flow is very sensitive to the observed high interannual variability of rainfall. Interflow dominates the uplands, but base flow is the major component of stream flow in inland valleys. This study provides useful information for the better management of soil and scarce water resources for smallholder farming in the area.

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