«Cimmero-Scythian» antiquities from Central Anatolia

2021 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Makhortykh
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Significant Concentration

Central Anatolia is one of the regions of Western Asia, where the most significant concentration of archaeological materials connected with the Eurasian nomads of the early Scythian time is recorded. The flat plains of Central Anatolia had good pastures and served as a space where different cultures communicated with each other since ancient times. In the 7th–6th centuries BC this territory was located between Western Anatolia with Lydia and the eastern Greek centers and Eastern Anatolia, which was the zone of interest of the Urartu and Assyria. Small local "principalities" were localized here. These principalities were  probably controlled by well-armed and mobile nomads, who used this territory as a base for raids on neighboring as well as more  distant regions. An important and most numerous category of nomad inventory coming from the region is constituted by bronze socketed arrowheads found in burials in the province of Amasya, Imirler, Gordion and on the local settlements (Boğazköy, Kaman-Kalehöyük, Kerkenez Dağ). The article introduces their typology and provides analogies coming from the Eurasian monuments of the 7th–6th centuries BC. The study of early nomadic complexes from Anatolia shows theirsyncretic nature, which is influenced by artifacts of the Cimmerian, Scythian, and Сentral Asian origin as well as the local Near Eastern items. It highlights the complex ethnic composition of the nomadic groups located here in the 7th–6th centuries BC that does not allow attributing all these materials to a single group, for example, the Cimmerians.

scholarly journals Manufacture of Gilded Threads in the 15-17th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Juri Spiridonov
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Angular Resolution ◽  
Cutting Method ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Different Cultures

Since ancient times, gilded threads have been used to decorate textiles in different cultures around the world. In the article, the author examines the threads manufacturing in the 16-17th centuries in Europe and Western Asia, trying to answer two, as it seems to him, the main questions: what was the method of gilding and what was the method of cutting if width error was less than 10 μm. It is assumed that the main gilding method was the diffusion one, and the main cutting method used rollers and a sharp blade at a small angle. The first one has not been proven but the second has been proved. The article lists all marks, diffusion and adhesion coefficients, human angular resolution, and much more.

Near Eastern and Old Iranian myths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Rose
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Iranian History ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Old Persian ◽  
Middle Persian ◽  
Early Islamic Period ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Early Islamic

This entry concerns mythological narratives that developed in ancient times in lands extending from the eastern Mediterranean seaboard as far as Central Asia. Whereas the term Near Eastern applies to a range of different cultures—including Mesopotamian, Elamite, Hittite, Canaanite, Hebrew, Urartian, Phoenician, and Egyptian—the expression Old Iranian is used only of ancient Iranian culture as evidenced primarily in the texts of the Avesta, and in certain Old Persian inscriptions and iconography. From the early 1st millennium onwards, as ancient Iranians moved across the plateau into Mesopotamia and beyond, so Iranian culture, including its mythology, interacted with that of the Near East. The ensuing worldviews continue to impact the religions that evolved within the region, specifically, the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions. Mesopotamian myths comprise the earliest literature committed to writing. Alongside the discovery of archaeological sites in which some of the myths are set and of material objects relating to those myths, these texts provide insight into the general ethos, ritual activity, and social structure of the pertinent cultures of Mesopotamia—notably, Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian. The contemporary ancient Egyptians present a similar richness of material and literary culture. In contrast, the Old Iranian myths of the Avesta endured within an oral context until about the 6th century ce, with only cursory allusion to a cosmogony in Old Persian inscriptions, Achaemenid reliefs, and stamp seals. It is the Middle Persian Zoroastrian texts of the late Sasanian/early Islamic period in Iran that provide a systematized cosmology and attendant mythology, and the New Persian national epic, the Šāhnāme, that develops many of the characters and events of Old Iranian text within its dramatic re-telling of Iranian history.

A Mycenaean sword from Boğazköy–Hattusa found in 1991

1994 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 213-215
Author(s):  
O. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Trojan War ◽  
Western Asia

This paper deals with a bronze sword found during repair work on a road close to the Hittite capital of Hattusas in central Anatolia. It carries an Akkadian inscription stating that it was taken as booty by the Hittite king Tuthaliyas II during his campaign in the Assuwa country of western Asia Minor, c.1430 BC. The content of the inscription may be evidence of Ahhiyawan-Mycenaean Greek warfare in western Asia Minor in the Late Bronze Age, and/or of a historical background for the Trojan war.

A revolution in radiocarbon dating

Antiquity ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 53 (209) ◽  
pp. 226-228
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
New Method ◽  
Near Eastern ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
Atom Counting ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Eastern Studies

The conventional radiocarbon dating method relies on the accurate measurement of a sample's beta-ray decay rate in order to determine the age of the sample. The new method instead counts the individual C14 atoms in a sample using an ultra-sensitive mass spectrometer. There are numerous advantages to this approach. The problem of cosmic ray background does not arise. Shorter counting times on samples a thousand times smaller may be possible. We might also expect the production of more accurate age determinations. The new method will permit a great expansion in the variety of archaeological materials which can be dated because only milligram samples will be required. Research on the design of a dedicated C14 atom-counting machine is now in progress. This note is by E. B. Banning, Department of Near Eastern Studies and Department of Physics Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Toronto, Canada, and L. A. Pavlish, Department of Anthropology and Department of Physics Archaeometry Laboratory, University of Toronto, Canada.

scholarly journals Active tectonics of the Eastern Mediterranean region: deduced from GPS, neotectonic and seismicity data

1997 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Barka ◽  
R. Reilinger
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Region ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Eastern Anatolia ◽  
Gps Measurements ◽  
Isparta Angle

This paper reviews the main tectonic features of the Eastern Mediterranean region combining the recent information obtained from GPS measurements, seismicity and neotectonic studies. GPS measurements reveal that the Arabian plate moves northward with respect to Eurasia at a rate of 23 ± 1 mm/yr, 10 mm/yr of this rate is taken up by shortening in the Caucasus. The internal deformation in Eastern Anatolia by conjugate strike-slip faulting and E-W trending thrusts, including the Bitlis frontal thrust, accommodates approximately a 15 mm/yr slip rate. The Northeast Anatolian fault, which extends from the Erzincan basin to Caucasus accommodates about 8 ± 5 mm/yr of left-lateral motion. The neotectonic fault pattern in Eastern Anatolia suggests that the NE Anatolian block moves in an E-ENE direction towards the South Caspian Sea. According to the same data, the Anatolian-Aegean block is undergoing a counter-clockwise rotation. However, from the residuals it appears that this solution can only be taken as a preliminary approximation. The Eulerian rotation pole indicates that slip rate along the North Anatolian fault is about 26 ± 3 mm/yr. This value is 10 mm/yr higher than slip rates obtained from geological data and historical earthquake records and it includes westward drift of the Pontides of a few millimetres/year or more. GPS measurements reveal that the East Anatolian fault accommodates an 11 ± 1 mm/yr relative motion. GPS data suggest that Central Anatolia behaves as a rigid block, but from neotectonic studies, it clearly appears that it is sliced by a number of conjugate strike-slip faults. The Isparta Angle area might be considered a major obstacle for the westward motion of the Anatolian block (Central and Eastern Anatolia). The western flank of this geological structure, the Fethiye-Burdur fault zone appears to be a major boundary with a slip rate of 15-20 mm/yr. The Western Anatolian grabens take up a total of 15 mm/yr NE-SW extension. The fact that motions in Central Anatolia relative to Eurasia, are 15-20 mm/yr while in Western Anatolia and Aegean Sea they are 30-40 mm/yr could suggest that Western Anatolia decouples from Central Anatolia and the Isparta Angle by the Fethiye-Burdur fault zone and Eski?ehir fault. It is also hypothesized that the differentiation of tectonic styles and velocities in the Anatolian-Aegean block are related to differences between the slabs lying under the Cyprus and Hellenic arcs.

scholarly journals Ulucak Höyük

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 96-109
Author(s):  
Özlem Çevik ◽  
Osman Vuruşkan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Wide Region ◽  
Continuous Technology ◽  
Neolithic Pottery

It has been increasingly clear that pottery was adopted as a continuous technology during the first quarter of the 7th millennium BC in a wide region, from Upper Mesopotamia through Central Anatolia and the Lakes District region. However, the absence of pottery in the basal level at Ulucak Höyük shows the presence of a pre-ceramic sequence in western Anatolia, before c. 6600/6500 cal BC. This article discusses the earliest pottery assemblage from Ulucak (6600/6500–6200 cal BC) and compares it with the later ceramic sequences at the site. Ultimately, the functional and typological developmental sequence of Neolithic pottery at Ulucak Höyük and its temporo-spatial relations with other Neolithic sites in Anatolia will be assessed.

scholarly journals PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND COMPOSITION IN MUSIC AND ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
N.A. Novinskaya ◽  
◽  
A.I. Kuzyakina
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Central Section ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Music And Architecture ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Architecture And Music

The article explores the basic principles of the structural organisation in music and architecture. We analyze development and transformation of these principles through the various stages of human culture from ancient times to the present. We explore understanding of harmony and aesthetics in different cultures. We review the basic rules of harmony taking the art of ancient Greece and Rome as an example. We review the history of the Golden Ratio and its realisation in practice. The central section gives the calculation of the Golden Ratio in the J. S. Bach`s Chromatic Fantasia in D minor. Finally, we describe the formation and development of the fractal aesthetics and give the examples of fractal art in architecture and music.

scholarly journals IRANIAN PEOPLES: LINGUISTIC CLASSIFICATION AND LANGUAGE SITUATION.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. Сатцаев
Keyword(s):  
The North ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Official Languages ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Linguistic Classification ◽  
Official Status

Иранские языки входят в группу индоевропейских языков. Они являются близкородственными индоарийским языкам. Предки индоарийских и иранских народов в глубокой древности жили в тесном общении, занимали одну общую территорию и говорили на близкородственных арийских диалектах. Обособление иранских диалектов от индийских произошло не позднее начала II тысячелетия до н.э. На иранских языках говорили многочисленные древние племена и народности, сыгравшие важную роль в мировой истории. Все иранские языки ведут свое происхождение к одному языку, который явился материальной основой их исторической общности. По своему статусу современные иранские языки значительно отличаются друг от друга. Наиболее значимыми иранскими языками, имеющими широкое применение в официальной сфере, являются персидский, дари, таджикский, афганский (пушту), курдский, осетинский и белуджский. Современный персидский язык распространен в основном в Иране. Из современных иранских языков к нему ближе всего таджикский и дари, которые имеют общее происхождение. Персидский язык является наиболее крупным, развитым и распространенным иранским языком, который охватывает все жизненно важные сферы. Одним из крупнейших по численности иранских народов являются афганцы (пуштуны). В Афганистане официальными языками признаны афганский (пушту) и дари (фарси-кабули). Дари занимал и занимает более сильные позиции. Другим крупным ираноязычным народом являются белуджи. Белуджский язык распадается на две основные группы. Другой иранский народ – курды – испокон веков населяет территорию Западной Азии. Численность курдов в мире составляет около 40 млн. человек. Курдский язык представлен в многочисленных диалектных разновидностях. Выделяются две группы диалектов – северная и южная. Курдский язык имеет многовековую литературную традицию, но его официальный статус невысок. Осетинский язык – остаток северо-восточной скифо-сарматской ветви иранских языков. Он на протяжении почти двух тысяч лет развивался вне каких-либо прямых контактов с иранскими языками. Официальный статус осетинского языка сравнительно высок, однако, численность говорящих на нем уменьшается. The Iranian languages are part of the Indo-European language family. They are closely related Indo-Aryan languages. The ancestors of the Indo-Aryan and Iranian peoples in ancient times lived in close communication, occupied common territory and spoke closely related Aryan dialects. The divergence of the Iranian and the Indian dialects took place prior to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Numerous ancient tribes and nationalities who played important role in the world history spoke Iranian languages. All Iranian languages trace back their origin to one language, which was the material basis of their historical community. The status of each of the modern Iranian languages is different. The most significant Iranian languages widely used in the official sphere are Persian, Dari, Tajik, Afghan (Pashto), Kurdish, Ossetian, and Baluchi. Modern Persian is widely spoken in Iran. Of all modern Iranian languages, the closest to it are Tajik and Dari, which share common origin. Persian is the largest, most developed and widespread Iranian language, which covers all vital areas. One of the largest in number of Iranian peoples are Afghans (Pashtuns). In Afghanistan the official languages are recognized as Afghan (Pashto) and Dari (Farsi-Kabuli). Dari held and holds a stronger position. A large Iranian-speaking people are the Balochi. Baluchi is divided into two main groups. Another Iranian people are the Kurds, who for centuries have inhabited the territory of Western Asia. The number of Kurds in the world is about 40 million people. The Kurdish language is represented in numerous dialectal varieties. There are two groups of dialects – north and south. Although Kurdish has a centuries-old literary tradition, its official status is low. The Ossetian language is a remnant of the north-eastern Scythian-Sarmatian branch of the Iranian languages. For almost two thousand years, it has been developing without any direct contacts with Iranian languages. The official status of the Ossetian language is relatively high, but the number of speakers is decreasing.  

The Materiality of Shabtis: Figurines over Four Millennia

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E. Howley
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Background ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Egyptian History

Miniature human figurines have inspired many theoretical advances in archaeological literature, centred around universal human reactions to the material affect of their form. However, confirmation that ancient audiences had such reactions to figurines can be difficult to access in the archaeological record. Egyptian shabtis, a type of funerary figurine, allow such reactions to be accessed by the archaeologist due to their widespread use throughout a long period of Egyptian history and their continuing popularity in other cultures since ancient times: evidence consists of a broad range of textual, artistic and archaeological data from many different cultures over a period of roughly 4000 years. This evidence confirms not only that ancient Egyptian craftsmen responded to and sought to maximize the material affect of the shabtis, but that a significant part of the human response to miniature human figurines is indeed conditioned by their material qualities, independent of the figurines’ original religious function and the cultural background of the viewer.

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