scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurements of Stability Indices and Characteristic Parameters Describing the Snow Cover and the Weather in Fracture Zones of Avalanches

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (94) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
On Line ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Snow Temperature ◽  
Stability Indices

AbstractStability indices at different slope aspects and characteristic parameters describing the snow cover and the weather conditions are recorded simultaneously and automatically in potential fracture zones of avalanches during the whole winter season. A remote, solar-powered system including measurements of snow depth, mass flux of wind-blown snow and of the snow temperature profile as well as on-line and off-line data processing has been developed and tested. The results show that this type of data-recording and processing system makes quantitative case studies of natural stability variations possible.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Measurements of Stability Indices and Characteristic Parameters Describing the Snow Cover and the Weather in Fracture Zones of Avalanches

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (94) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gubler
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fracture Zones ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
On Line ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Snow Temperature ◽  
Stability Indices

AbstractStability indices at different slope aspects and characteristic parameters describing the snow cover and the weather conditions are recorded simultaneously and automatically in potential fracture zones of avalanches during the whole winter season. A remote, solar-powered system including measurements of snow depth, mass flux of wind-blown snow and of the snow temperature profile as well as on-line and off-line data processing has been developed and tested. The results show that this type of data-recording and processing system makes quantitative case studies of natural stability variations possible.

scholarly journals A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (128) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brun ◽  
P. David ◽  
M. Sudul ◽  
G. Brunot
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Internal Layers ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting ◽  
Snow Metamorphism ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Made In ◽  
Snow Samples

AbstractLaws of snow metamorphism have been introduced in a numerical model which simulates the evolution of temperature, density and liquid-water profiles of snow cover as a function of weather conditions.To establish these laws, the authors have summarized previous studies on temperature gradient and on wet-snow metamorphism and they have also conducted metamorphism experiments on dry or wet fresh-snow samples. An original formalism was developed to allow a description of snow with parameters evolving continuously throughout time.The introduction of laws of metamorphism has improved significantly the derivation of the settlement of internal layers and of snow-covered albedo, which depend on the simulated stratigraphy, i.e. the type and size of snow grains of different layers of the snow cover.The model was tested during a whole winter season without any re-initialization. Comparison between the simulated characteristics of the snow cover and the observations made in the field are described in detail. The model proved itself to be very efficient in simulating accurately the evolution of the snow-cover stratigraphy throughout the whole winter season.

scholarly journals Effect of winter conditions on wild ungulates mortality in the Owl Mountains (Poland)

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Marcin Warchałowski ◽  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Andrzej Dancewicz
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Animal Populations

Abstract Relations between climatic factors during the winter season (n days with frost <0oC and −10oC; n days with snow cover: >1 cm, >10 cm and >30 cm; maximum snow cover during season [cm]) and mortality in free-living ungulates (red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758, roe deer Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 and mouflon Ovis aries musimon Linnaeus, 1758) in the Owl Mountains (Lower Silesia – Poland) in years 1998–2010 were investigated. Significant effects of all analysed climatic factors on ungulates mortality were documented. Correlations (Pearson) between such weather factors as the depth of snow cover and number of days with frost and recorded mortality in total animal populations analysed ranged from r = 0.33 to r = 0.77. The least adapted to local weather conditions was mouflon introduced to this area ca. 100 years ago from more southern parts of Europe. Roe deer species seems to be environmentally plastic, and are doing quite well in severe winters. Tolerance of red deer to the snow cover is much lower at low temperatures due to the fact that this species, during the period of snow cover, has limited access to the plants covered with snow and difficult access to food base.

scholarly journals A numerical model to simulate snow-cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting

1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (128) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Brun ◽  
P. David ◽  
M. Sudul ◽  
G. Brunot
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Internal Layers ◽  
Avalanche Forecasting ◽  
Snow Metamorphism ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Made In ◽  
Snow Samples

AbstractLaws of snow metamorphism have been introduced in a numerical model which simulates the evolution of temperature, density and liquid-water profiles of snow cover as a function of weather conditions.To establish these laws, the authors have summarized previous studies on temperature gradient and on wet-snow metamorphism and they have also conducted metamorphism experiments on dry or wet fresh-snow samples. An original formalism was developed to allow a description of snow with parameters evolving continuously throughout time.The introduction of laws of metamorphism has improved significantly the derivation of the settlement of internal layers and of snow-covered albedo, which depend on the simulated stratigraphy, i.e. the type and size of snow grains of different layers of the snow cover.The model was tested during a whole winter season without any re-initialization. Comparison between the simulated characteristics of the snow cover and the observations made in the field are described in detail. The model proved itself to be very efficient in simulating accurately the evolution of the snow-cover stratigraphy throughout the whole winter season.

Software pattern recognition applied to nanodiffraction patterns from a STEM instrument

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
G.Y. Fan ◽  
J.M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Host Computer ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Image Processing System ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
On Line

In recent developments, the ASU HB5 has been modified so that the timing, positioning, and scanning of the finely focused electron probe can be entirely controlled by a host computer. This made the asynchronized handshake possible between the HB5 STEM and the image processing system which consists of host computer (PDP 11/34), DeAnza image processor (IP 5000) which is interfaced with a low-light level TV camera, array processor (AP 400) and various peripheral devices. This greatly facilitates the pattern recognition technique initiated by Monosmith and Cowley. Software called NANHB5 is under development which, instead of employing a set of photo-diodes to detect strong spots on a TV screen, uses various software techniques including on-line fast Fourier transform (FFT) to recognize patterns of greater complexity, taking advantage of the sophistication of our image processing system and the flexibility of computer software.

scholarly journals Changes in Air Temperature and Snow Cover in Winter in Poland

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz M. Tomczyk ◽  
Ewa Bednorz ◽  
Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cover Depth ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover Depth

The primary objective of the paper was to characterize the climatic conditions in the winter season in Poland in the years 1966/67–2019/20. The study was based on daily values of minimum (Tmin) and maximum air temperature (Tmax), and daily values of snow cover depth. The study showed an increase in both Tmin and Tmax in winter. The most intensive changes were recorded in north-eastern and northern regions. The coldest winters were recorded in the first half of the analyzed multiannual period, exceptionally cold being winters 1969/70 and 1984/85. The warmest winters occurred in the second half of the analyzed period and among seasons with the highest mean Tmax, particularly winters 2019/20 and 1989/90 stood out. In the study period, a decrease in snow cover depth statistically significant in the majority of stations in Poland was determined, as well as its variability both within the winter season and multiannual.

scholarly journals Nimbus-7 SMMR Derived Global Snow Cover Parameters

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.T.C. Chang ◽  
J.L. Foster ◽  
D.K. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Western China ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Snow Covered Area ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
Snow Water

Snow covers about 40 million km2of the land area of the Northern Hemisphere during the winter season. The accumulation and depletion of snow is dynamically coupled with global hydrological and climatological processes. Snow covered area and snow water equivalent are two essential measurements. Snow cover maps are produced routinely by the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA/NESDIS) and by the US Air Force Global Weather Center (USAFGWC). The snow covered area reported by these two groups sometimes differs by several million km2, Preliminary analysis is performed to evaluate the accuracy of these products.Microwave radiation penetrating through clouds and snowpacks could provide depth and water equivalent information about snow fields. Based on theoretical calculations, snow covered area and snow water equivalent retrieval algorithms have been developed. Snow cover maps for the Northern Hemisphere have been derived from Nimbus-7 SMMR data for a period of six years (1978–1984). Intercomparisons of SMMR, NOAA/NESDIS and USAFGWC snow maps have been conducted to evaluate and assess the accuracy of SMMR derived snow maps. The total snow covered area derived from SMMR is usually about 10% less than the other two products. This is because passive microwave sensors cannot detect shallow, dry snow which is less than 5 cm in depth. The major geographic regions in which the differences among these three products are the greatest are in central Asia and western China. Future study is required to determine the absolute accuracy of each product.Preliminary snow water equivalent maps have also been produced. Comparisons are made between retrieved snow water equivalent over large area and available snow depth measurements. The results of the comparisons are good for uniform snow covered areas, such as the Canadian high plains and the Russian steppes. Heavily forested and mountainous areas tend to mask out the microwave snow signatures and thus comparisons with measured water equivalent are poorer in those areas.

scholarly journals Opportunities for winter prescribed burning in mixed conifer plantations of the Sierra Nevada

Fire Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. York ◽  
Jacob Levine ◽  
Kane Russell ◽  
Joseph Restaino
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Shrub Cover ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Conifer Plantations

Abstract Background Young, planted forests are particularly vulnerable to wildfire. High severity effects in planted forests translate to the loss of previous reforestation investments and the loss of future ecosystem service gains. We conducted prescribed burns in three ~35-year-old mixed conifer plantations that had previously been masticated and thinned during February in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of winter burning, which is not common in the Sierra Nevada, California. Results On average, 59% of fine fuels were consumed and the fires reduced shrub cover by 94%. The average percent of crown volume that was damaged was 25%, with no mortality observed in overstory trees 1 year following the fires. A plot level analysis of the factors of fire effects did not find strong predictors of fuel consumption. Shrub cover was reduced dramatically, regardless of the specific structure that existed in plots. We found a positive relationship between crown damage and the two variables of Pinus ponderosa relative basal area and shrub cover. But these were not particularly strong predictors. An analysis of the weather conditions that have occurred at this site over the past 20 years indicated that there have consistently been opportunities to conduct winter burns. On average, 12 days per winter were feasible for burning using our criteria. Windows of time are short, typically 1 or 2 days, and may occur at any time during the winter season. Conclusions This study demonstrates that winter burning can be an important piece of broader strategies to reduce wildfire severity in the Sierra Nevada. Preparing forest structures so that they can be more feasible to burn and also preparing burn programs so that they can be nimble enough to burn opportunistically during short windows are key strategies. Both small landowners and large agencies may be able to explore winter burning opportunities to reduce wildfire severity.

scholarly journals The Application Of The Principle Of Notary Prudence In Knowing The Applicant By Notary

Jurnal Akta ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 321
Author(s):  
Gerin Prayoga ◽  
Jawade Hafidz
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Application System ◽  
Transaction Analysis ◽  
System 2 ◽  
On Line ◽  
Legal Administration ◽  
Temporary Closure

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to: 1) To Know and analyze the application of the principle of notary prudence In Knowing the applicant. 2) To Detect and Analyze Effects Of Authentic And Notary Deed Not Applying the Precautionary Principle  In Knowing the applicant. The data used in this study are primary data, secondary data and data that can support tertiary study, which was then analyzed by the method of description and interpretation.Based on the results of data analysis concluded that: 1) The principle of recognizing User Services as referred to in paragraph (1) at least includes identification of User Services, User Verification Transaction Monitoring Services and User Services. Reporting to the Financial Transaction Analysis and Reporting Center (PPATK) is recommended if it is believed their suspicions of money laundering schemes will be carried out, the registration obligation remains to be done, the registration once for serving. Reporting through the application system GRIPS (Gatahering Report Information Processing System). 2) an authentic deed which turned out later proven to be pecucian money, then it becomes the responsibility of the applicant own. Notaries who do not register GRIPS, will apply sanctions in the form of the temporary closure of access to AHU account on line, and thus access to the system notary Legal Administration (SABH) will be automatically blocked.Keywords: Notary; Precautionary Principle; Protection.

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