scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BRAIN CIRCULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Peter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Brain Gain

Many highly developed countries suffer the economic consequences of a growthlimiting demographic gap, which they only can fill with immigration. However, immigrants must be capable to be integrated into the receiving economy based on age and education. However, emigration raises in the home-countries the complex problem of “Brain Drain” (including loss of human capital, reduction in unemployment), which is offset by a “Brain Gain” in the destination country due to immigration. It can be shown, however, that within the framework of an adapted migration policy there can be a "Brain Circulation" that has advantages for all countries involved

scholarly journals Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Andreas Ette ◽  
Nils Witte
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Global Work ◽  
Migration Theories

AbstractInternational movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses.

scholarly journals Brain Circulation, the Phenomenon and Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Lajda Bana
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Host Country ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
The Brain

The world of today which seeks globalization, while the economic inequality, corruption, political instability, and moreover wars prevail, it is always associated with the movement of people towards what might be called the ‘best for their future’. This movement is not just a mechanical action, but is a phenomenon associated with social, economic and political consequences not only to the country of origin but also for the host country. The departure of the people from their land is a well-known and proven phenomenon mainly of the developing countries. This phenomenon includes also the so-called brain drain emigration, the departure of skilled people, professionals and researchers from their own country to other places. The brain drain is not only a phenomenon that belongs to developing countries, or former communist states, or those countries in war, but it can also affect the developed Western countries. Brain drain does not always constitute a brain gain in the host country. In most of the cases, people who have to leave the countries in political instability or former communist countries, even if they are qualified and holders of university degrees, they are obliged to work in humble jobs which can be simply exercised by persons without university qualifications. Consequently, the brain drain phenomenon is not automatically turned into a benefit 'brain gain' for the host country; on the contrary, it might even be turned into the so-called brain-waste. A social challenge in this context remains the turn of "brain drain" into "brain gain" or "brain circulation". Therefore, one of the current priorities for governments is to create effective economic and social conditions which would enhance the integration of the graduates, researchers and professionals into their national and regional markets

On the Brain Drain of Africans to America: Some Methodological Observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo ◽  
Baffour Takyi ◽  
Jesse Mann
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Relative Comparisons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecurring debates about the impact of the brain drain— the developing world's loss of human capital to more developed countries—has motivated estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon, most recently by the World Bank. Although frequently cited as a key contributor to Africa's wanting development record, what constitutes the "brain-drain" is not always clearly defined. Today, in the absence of an accounting system, resolution of the definitional and measurement question depends on relative comparisons of measurement variants, which will identify definitional shortcomings by clarifying the merits and demerits of these variants, and thereby suggest corrective imputations. This paper compares the World Bank's approach to a chronological precedent (Dodoo 1997) to clarify the value of variant comparisons. The resultant implications for corrections are also discussed.

Reconceptualization of “Brain Drain”

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-314
Author(s):  
Li Zong ◽  
Yixi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Highly Educated

AbstractTraditional approach to the issue of “brain drain” and “brain gain” focuses on outflow and inflow of migration of academics and professionals between countries of origins and destinations. It is suggested that, in the international labor market, the developing countries have experienced the problem of brain drain while the developed countries have benefited from brain gain in the process of globalization and international mobility of talent. From this perspective, “brain drain” or “brain gain” is primarily measured by the number of talented people who have “moved in” or “moved out” of a country, but not the extent to which the “brain” has been utilized. This study redefines the notion of “brain drain” by focusing on the actual utilization of professional talents. Previous research findings show that despite attractive Canadian immigration policy and the increasing number of professional immigrants, Canada as a developed country has the problem of “brain waste” due to its systemic barriers such as the devaluation of foreign credentials and non-recognition of foreign work experience for professional Chinese immigrants. At the same time, China as a developing country has benefited from contributions made by highly educated professionals/students returning to their home country through its attractive and rewarding opportunities for those who have attained knowledge and skills from overseas. China has become a model of “brain gain” for developing countries by implementing a series of open and favorable policies to attract top-notch overseas Chinese and foreign talents to help promote the economic development and global competitiveness of the nation.

scholarly journals Brain Drain: Migration of Healthcare Professionals in a Globalized World

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Gaurav Mahindra ◽  
Hamendra Kumar Dangi
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Human Capital Flight ◽  
Globalized World

ABSTRACT Social, economic and technological developments due to globalization have led to a surge in international demand for skilled workforce. Developed economies have made concerted efforts in not only attracting but also in retaining such human capital. Healthcare sector has been no exception. With limited career opportunities within their own country and a host of pull factors in developed countries, India and other developing countries have seen an exodus of medical and other professionals, what is known as ‘Brain Drain’. Shortages thus resulting from migration of health workers have even mitigated the effects of increased domestic healthcare spending. The health workers hold strategic importance in a nation's health systems and disease control initiatives. The resulting imbalances could have a detrimental effect on the social as well as economic fabric of such sending countries. This study is an effort in understanding the factors encouraging human capital flight and thus seeking short-term and long-term measures in dealing with it. This research brings forth strategies to deal with brain drain by forming mutually beneficial relationships with the diasporas. This reciprocity will lead to circulation of skills between source and receiving countries. Formulating suitable policies would ensure correcting the human resource imbalances within countries on a sustainable basis. How to cite this article Mahindra G, Dangi HK. Brain Drain: Migration of Healthcare Professionals in a Globalized World. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(2):63-72.

Inputs from the New Economics of Migration of Medical Doctors in Eastern and Central Europe

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-266
Author(s):  
Cristina Boboc ◽  
Emilia Titan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Statistical Validity ◽  
Health Demand

This is a contribution to the new economics of skilled labor emigration that focuses on the mobility of physicians inside European Union from ECE countries. Economic models under risk neutrality and aversion are used. The findings show that the education could change significantly the results on the emigration benefices. Comparisons of theoretical and observed relative human capital per country averages are conducted and ensured the statistical validity of the model used. The empirical results based on the available data on emigration by Docquier and Marfouk (2008) but also by Bhargava, Docquier, and Moullan (2010) allowed further use of the model to understand the current trends in the emigration of physicians and the border between brain gain and brain drain. The countries included in the study all exhibited brain gain between 1991-2004. Each country is encouraged to anticipate the likely effects of this emigration on the economy with the increase of health demand, the domestic wages, and the increase in education capacity for medical doctors.

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