„Dwójka” i miasto. Agendy polskiego wywiadu i kontrwywiadu wojskowego w międzywojennej Bydgoszczy (1920–1939)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-182
Author(s):  
Wojciech Skóra
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Civilian Employees ◽  
The City

In Bydgoszcz, with a population of just over 100,000, at least seven Polish military intelligence and counterintelligence agencies operated in the interwar period. They are discussed sequentially in the text. In total, taking into account the staff changes, several dozen officers of these services worked in the city, supported by hundreds of non-commissioned officers and civilian employees. It was a noticeable and specific professional group. Some city authorities assessed their presence in Bydgoszcz negatively, complaining and sending inspections.

scholarly journals A history of the city written in a map – cartography as the mirror of socio-political events in Gdańsk in the years of 1918–1939

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bień
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A cartographic map of Gdańsk in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939 was very different from the other maps of Polish cities. The reasons for some differences were, among others, the proximity of the sea, the multicultural mindset of the inhabitants of Gdańsk from that period, and some historical events in the interwar period (the founding of the Free City of Gdańsk and the events preceding World War II). Its uniqueness came from the fact that the city of Gdańsk combined the styles of Prussian and Polish housing, as well as form the fact that its inhabitants felt the need for autonomy from the Second Polish Republic. The city aspired to be politically, socially and economically independent.</p><p>The aim of my presentation is to analyze the cartographic maps of Gdańsk, including the changes that had been made in the years of 1918&amp;ndash;1939. I will also comment on the reasons of those changes, on their socio-historical effects on the city, the whole country and Europe.</p>

‘Essentially an American Institution Planted on Foreign Soil’: The American Library in Paris, the Paris Herald, the Paris Tribune and Ex Libris

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-225
Author(s):  
Nissa Ren Cannon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
American Identity ◽  
Chicago Tribune ◽  
American Institution ◽  
American Library ◽  
Transnational Cooperation ◽  
Adequate Representation ◽  
The City ◽  
Important Site

In 1920, the American Library in Paris (ALP) was incorporated, with the desire to ‘be a somewhat adequate representation of American life and thought’ in the city. This paper will argue that the ALP - an institution established for overseas soldiers in 1918, which became its own entity in 1920 and celebrated a century of service in 2020 - would do more than represent America in the interwar period: it would play a role in shaping American identity as well. Through archival materials, this paper explores the ALP’s representation in the three periodicals most imbricated with its interwar existence: the Paris editions of the Chicago Tribune and the New York Herald, and the little magazine, Ex Libris. I argue that the ALP - in both its physical and psychic forms - was an important site for the formation of transnational American identity in the interwar period, and that it strived to weigh in on conversations about emerging literary movements, including modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. American identity, as the Library represented it, combined national exceptionalism with a true desire for transnational cooperation. It was firmly at home on international soil, and well-versed in the era’s literary debates.

scholarly journals socio-professional identification of entrepreneurs and leaders

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-E) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Guzel I. Seletkova ◽  
Eugeniia A. Lazukova ◽  
Milana B. Kolesnichenko ◽  
Mikhail A. Ermakov ◽  
Maria K. Duvanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Readiness To Change ◽  
Professional Group ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Professional Identification ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics and types of socio-professional identification. The basis for the research is formed by the study conducted in the city of Perm using the “Who am I?” method that involved surveying the socio-professional groups of entrepreneurs and leaders. It was found that entrepreneurs and leaders typically self-identify through the “social self” and “reflexive self”. Common to the two types of entrepreneurs in terms of self-identification (having and not having an in-depth identification with their socio-professional group) is the correlation of self-confidence and the ability to persuade others. In leaders with in-depth self-identification with their socio-professional group, self-confidence correlates with the ability to organize work while in leaders lacking such self-identification, self-confidence correlates with the ability to talk to people. It is tested whether the self-evaluation of one’s financial status and readiness to change the sphere of one’s activity influence the degree of awareness of socio-professional identification and whether socio-professional identification affects the perception of success in life.

THE LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE OF PRINT ADVERTISEMENTS IN DAUGAVPILS: 1920–1930

Via Latgalica ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Solvita Pošeiko
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Print Advertisements ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Consumer Services ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
The City

<p><em>The theme described in the title is connected with public advertising texts from two informational sources: newspapers printed in Daugavpils („Daugavas Vēstnesis” ‘The Daugava Herald’, „Daugavas Vārds” ‘The Daugava’s Word’, „Latgales Ziņas” ‘Latgalian News’ and „</em><em>Latgales Vēstnesis”</em><em> ‘The Latgale Herald”) and the linguistic landscape of the city, which characterizes the public information space. Commercial discourse is essential to this space, as a large part of public texts have the representation and promotion of establishments, companies and societies as a primary goal, in addition to the exhibition of offered goods and services.</em></p><p><em>The aim of the article is to define and characterize from the perspective of linguistic landscape the tools and techniques used to represent businesses and establishments in Latvian print advertisements in the 1920s and 30s. In fulfillment of this goal, content analysis and the diachronic linguistic landscape approach has been used for data analysis and interpretation (Backhaus 2005, Pavlenko 2010, Pavlenko, Mullen 2015, Pošeiko 2015). For summarization of obtained results, the descriptive method has been used.</em></p><p><em>Latvia is characterized in the interwar period by a unified language policy – including policies with mechanisms for the management of specific languages – highlighting the role of the Latvian language as the state language in the organization of public life and in nationalist ideology, and facilitating its use in all sociolinguistic functions. However, the interwar period in Latvia also marks the beginning of a period of Westernization – especially in the economic and cultural spheres – detectible in cinema, theater and concert posters; print advertisements for shops and consumer services, and business names in the urban environment.</em></p><em>During this period newspapers were printed in Latvian, but some papers, calendars and journals were printed in Latgalian, Russian and Polish. Company names, advertisements and partially-legible posters are visible in period photographs of the linguistic landscape. Advertising information at the beginning of the 1920s is only to be found in Russian, or with bilingual Russian-Latvian texts. Monolingual language signs in Latvian – noticeably missing diacritic marks and appropriate word endings – only begin to be seen from the 1930s.</em>

Pernicious City: Mythologization of Kaunas in the Lithuanian Literature of the Interwar Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4 (463)) ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Viktorija Šeina
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Urban Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Symbolic Images ◽  
Literary Myth ◽  
The City

The article analyzes the mythologization of Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania, in the Lithuanian literature of the interwar period. The methodological approach of the research is based on the research methods of urban mythopoetics by Vladimir Toporov and that of topological semiotics by Algirdas Julien Greimas. Due to objective historical and social circumstances, the formation of the Lithuanian urban literature started only at the beginning of the 20th century. The intensive period in the urbanization of the Lithuanian literature was that of the interwar period when literary reflections on Kaunas started gaining certain dominant symbolic images of the city, repeating plots and characters typical of Kaunas. The literary myth of the temporary capital as a pernicious city which becomes a moral trial for an individual is revealed in the article through the analysis of Part III of the novel Altorių šešėly [In the shadows of altars] by Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, the most prominent Lithuanian novelist of the interwar period.

scholarly journals The Smaller the Market, the Better the Rent Capturing: Electrification in North Portugal during the Interwar Period

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-320
Author(s):  
Isabel Bartolomé Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
State Level ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
Municipal Level

AbstractThis article analyses the origin of the persistently high level of electricity prices that hampered the expansion of electricity consumption during the interwar period in Porto. Initially, the rent-seeking behaviour of both the supply firm and the City Hall at the local level affected the expansion of the local electricity market. During the 1930s, this collusion at municipal level coincided with unpredictable energy policies at state level. This circumstance impeded the indispensable increase of scale and the building of a regional market of electricity in north Portugal. The literature on regulation and institutional analysis has proved very useful. Finally, though equally important, primary sources from company archives and institutional bodies were also employed.

scholarly journals Alien City: The Vilnius Jewish Ghetto in Polish Texts of the Interwar Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-216
Author(s):  
Walentyna Krupowies ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
City Space ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The City

This article analyses the cultural images of the Vilnius ghetto and the methods of its categorisation in Polish-language texts of the interwar period in tourist guides, feuilletons, and poetry. In the texts of the Vilnius authors, Julisz Kłos, professor of Vilnius University, poets Witold Hulewicz and Konstanty Gałczyński, the ghetto is defined in terms of modernity as a medieval and chaotic urban space that requires modernisation; in terms of pictorialism as a picturesque part of the city; in terms of heterogeneity as an alien space creating an urban heterotopia, and as a space of everyday life, specific for the whole of Vilnius. The article emphasises the fact that the image of Vilnius as an urban heterotopia was shaped by foreigners, including authors of German guides of the World War I years and subsequently by foreign guests visiting Vilnius in the interwar period. In their texts, the ghetto appears as an intriguing part of the city space. Noticed by a foreigner who played the role of the “other”, the specificity and originality of the ghetto influenced the perceptions of the city by some representatives of the Polish intelligentsia. The textual image of the Vilnius ghetto reveals the beliefs, worldviews, images, ideology, and to some extent the aesthetic inclinations of the authors for whom the ghetto was an alien city. A different attitude was represented by Jerzy Wyszomirski, a writer and journalist who comprehended the space of the ghetto, its languages, Yiddish and Hebrew, and treated the Jewish world with kindness as neighbourly and familiar, thus eliminating the structures of otherness that allowed the ghetto to be incorporated into the general idea of the city.

scholarly journals Hygiena 3, a Forgotten Project for Electrolytic Water Treatment

10.14311/1632 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kryštof Drnek
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Treatment Procedure ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The City

In the interwar period, the city of Prague had to resolve the problem of treating the polluted water produced by its citizens. From 1933 - 1936 an ambitious competition was held. The idea behind the competition was to bring in new ideas and projects for a new water treatment station.Hygiena 3 was one of the projects that was submitted. It proposed a treatment procedure based on electrolytic consolidation of contaminants in water into flocks. The project was found to be inventive and interesting but too expensive and not effective. Nevertheless it was evaluated as a well developed proposal and received an award from the city.

scholarly journals Kierunki działalności sportowo-oświatowej i kulturalnej Łódzkiego Klubu Sportowego w Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

2019 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Piotr Kędzia
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

The operations of the Łódź Sports Club in the interwar period are an important part of the history of sport in the city of Łódź, as well as Poland. The Club’s prestige and successes should be chiefly attributed to the athletes’ and the coaches’ commitment, coupled with the activists’ organisational skills. A historical analysis of the Club’s operations indicates that, in addition to training athletes in various disciplines, the establishment was also involved in a wide range of impressive cultural and educational activities. These centred on organising reading rooms, talks, lectures, social meetings and trips as well as promoting patriotic values and the idea of fair play. Hence, the Club’s educational work was channelled into axiological models of sports competition on the one hand, and into propagating education and culture on the other.

scholarly journals Przyczynek do historii dyplomacji kulturalnej II Rzeczypospolitej we Francji

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-315
Author(s):  
Aneta Nisiobęcka
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Politique Économique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The City ◽  
High Schoolers

The article describes the circumstances in which the France-Pologne association, led by Henri de Montfort, was established in 1919 and operated to 1940. In the available literature on the subject, the activity of this association has not been given much attention. The Les Amis de la Pologne association established by Rosa Bailly in 1919 played an important role in creating a positive image of Poland in the city on the Seine in the interwar period. The recognition of the Polish National Committee (KNP) by Paris in August 1917 as the official Polish representation paved the way for the creation of the France-Pologne association. Having realised how important it was to use propaganda in international political and military relations, the Polish delegation to the Paris Peace Conference handed over the competences of the KNP Propaganda Office to the France-Pologne association. Its most important task was to conduct the promotional activities in the central press, supported by the government on the Seine. Throughout the interwar period, to advertise the Second Polish Republic’s achievements in France, France-Pologne co-organised readings, lectures, concerts, anniversary celebrations and participated in the scholarship exchange of Polish and French high schoolers and students. It also informed the French public opinion about economic relations with Poland in its magazines: „La Pologne. Politique, économique, littérraire et artistique”, „Bulletin d’information sur la vie économique polonaise” and „La Revue de l’Est Européen”.

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